PART II
Textual Records Relating to
KOREAN WAR AND COLD WAR PRISONERS OF WAR
AND MISSING-IN-ACTION PERSONNEL
Record
Group 24 - Records of the Bureau of Naval Personnel
RECORDS OF THE
ADMINISTRATIVE AND MANAGEMENT DIVISION
II.1 Throughout the Cold War years, various American military and civilian
intelligence agencies gathered information on a variety of topics from the testimony of escaped prisoners
and detainees of Communist countries. One of those topics was American POWs and civilians imprisoned
or allegedly imprisoned by the Soviet Union or the People's Republic of China during the early Cold War
years. Examples of intelligence reports that convey information about detained American POWs and
civilians can be found in the Administrative and Management Division's secret general correspondence,
1957-60 (10 ft.). These reports, which amount to less than 1 inch of records, are located (in box
3) under the Navy Filing Manual code A16-2 "Belligerents, Combatants (Hostages, Prisoners of War),"
1958. The series is arranged chronologically, and thereunder according to either the Navy Filing
Manual (NFM) scheme (through 1958) or (after 1958) according to an adapted NFM/SSIC (standard subject
identification code) scheme.
RECORDS OF THE CASUALTY
ASSISTANCE BRANCH
II.2 Beginning in 1942, the Bureau's Casualty Assistance Branch (known at various
times as the "Casualty Branch" and the "Casualty Section") was given responsibility for recording personnel
casualties and for assisting family and relatives of Navy personnel listed as missing in action or as
prisoners of war. The casualty notification case files for Korean War and post-Korean War era Navy
POWs/MIAs, 1950-56 (2 ft.), provide information on all 31 U.S. Navy personnel (that is, Navy aviators
and hospital corpsmen, but not Marine Corps personnel) who were prisoners of war during the Korean War.
This series is divided into two parts: "MIA Returned" (part 1) and "MIA Presumed Dead" (part 2). Each
part consists of case files that are arranged alphabetically by the surname of MIA servicemen. Part 1
of the series pertains to Navy personnel from the Korean War who were initially listed as missing in action,
subsequently identified as POWs, and finally repatriated after the 1953 armistice agreement. Part 2
relates to Navy MIA airmen who were eventually listed as deceased as the result of Korean War combat
operations or subsequent military activities. Each case file normally includes a report or
"Certification of Casualty" form that lists the MIA serviceman's full name, rank, service number, unit, date
of birth, and a brief description of the combat action or circumstances surrounding his disappearance.
Most case files also include Navy correspondence with family and relatives that provides fuller descriptions
of the serviceman's last combat action, or that relays information pertaining to pay status and compensation
procedures for MIA personnel and their families.
Part 1 files normally also contain documentation confirming POW status, such as copies of eyewitness
sighting reports, transcripts of POW broadcast messages, and photostated copies of POW letters to friends
and relatives. Some files in both parts of the series contain photographs of MIA or POW servicemen,
emergency notification information forms, and Navy correspondence documenting the repatriation and
transportation of liberated U.S. Navy prisoners of war. Most of the files in part 2 relate to the crew
of a Navy P4M surveillance aircraft that was shot down north of Taiwan by Communist Chinese military
aircraft on August 22, 1956.
II.3 The unarranged collection of post-World War II casualty lists and related
records, ca. 1950-57 (1 ft.), consists mostly of casualty lists that provide basic identifying
information (name, rank, service number, branch of service) on Navy and Marine Corps personnel who were
listed as prisoners of war or as missing in action during the Korean War. The most comprehensive of
these lists is the computer-generated, alphabetical "Korean War Casualty File," dated February 7, 1957,
which identifies Navy and Marine Corps POW and MIA servicemen by name, rank, service number, date of
casualty (date missing), pay status, date of birth, casualty status (POWs are coded "0131"; MIAs, "0621"),
and cause of death (if applicable). This series also includes copies of "Certification of Casualty"
forms for Navy and Marine Corps personnel who died in North Korean prisoner-of-war camps. The forms
provide the POW's name, rank, service number, unit, casualty control number, date missing, casualty status,
cause of death, date of birth, place of enlistment, marital status, and the name(s) and address(es) of his
next of kin. There are also Korean War/Cold War era casualty lists that identify the name, rank,
service number, casualty status ("killed in action," "missing in action," etc.), and casualty date of Navy
and Marine Corps personnel whose remains had been recovered through 1953. Other documents in this
series include copies of Department of State instructions and dispatches (1955-56) that deal with the
release of American POWs held by the People's Republic of China; and newspaper clippings, lists, and some
Navy and Department of State correspondence that discusses various American aircraft "shoot downs,"
including that of a Navy patrol aircraft by Soviet Union interceptors over the Baltic Sea on April 8, 1950,
and of another Navy patrol aircraft by interceptors from the People's Republic of China near Wenchow, China,
on August 22, 1956.
Record
Group 38 (Part II) - Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations
RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF NAVAL
INTELLIGENCE
II.4 From 1946 to 1954, the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) gathered information on
various political, military, economic, and technical issues and topics that the Navy deemed to be of
strategic interest. During the Korean War, one of those "strategic interests" was prisoners of war.
Within ONI, the Operations Section (POW Desk) created and maintained the operations section files,
1949-54 (13 ft.), for the purpose of documenting policies, procedures, and actions adopted or practiced
by various countries (the People's Republic of China, Soviet Union, North Korea, Germany, the United States,
Great Britain, etc.) and organizations (the United Nations Command) that had held prisoners of war since the
beginning of World War II. This series, which is arranged according to the alpha-numeric filing scheme
of the Navy Filing Manual (NFM) and thereunder by folder number, contains groups of NFM-coded files that
provide information on the treatment of American POWs during the Korean War and on specific Soviet Union and
Communist Chinese prison camps that may have housed American prisoners or prisoners of war during the Cold
War years. (Appendix A of this reference information paper is a series box and file list.)
The first group of these files A16-2 "Belligerents, Combatants (Hostages, Prisoners of War)" includes
copies of various U.S. Government agency intelligence reports, prisoner interrogations and interviews,
manuals, and other records that relate to the organization and administrative structure of several specific
Soviet and Communist Chinese prison camps. The A16-2 files are especially rich in testimony from
ex-prisoners (mostly Russian, Chinese, and Korean nationals) who were once interned in these camps.
Their recollections extend from camp living and working conditions to diet and sanitary conditions through
interrogation and indoctrination practices and occasionally also to "live sightings" of other internees.
Some of the interview reports also include small maps or diagrams of the camps.
II.5 Another NFM file designation in this series, A16-14 "Terminating Military
Operations (Armistice, Demobilization, Disarmament)," consists of records that relate specifically to the
experiences of American and other United Nations Command prisoners of war held in North Korean prison camps
during the Korean War. Copies of Far East Command (J-2) repatriated POW interrogation reports account
for the largest records segment in this file. These interrogation reports provide information on the
physical structure, staff and administration of North Korean POW camps; living conditions within those
facilities; Communist prisoner-of-war labor, interrogation and indoctrination practices; and the
exploitation of United Nations Command POWs by Communist authorities for propaganda purposes. Other
records include United Nations Command or Communist-compiled lists of POWs held by North Korea;
correspondence relating to discrepancies between those lists; intelligence reports (1950-53) that identify
the location of North Korean prisoner-of-war camps; copies of repatriated United Nations Command POW
interrogation reports compiled by various U.S. intelligence agencies; copies of letters written by American
POWs to family members; Communist propaganda pamphlets that feature written statements or "confessions" by
U.S. prisoners of war; sworn statements of repatriated POWs pertaining to the treatment and conduct of
American prisoners of war; operational reports on United Nations Command POW repatriation activities
(Operations Big Switch and Little Switch); and other records, such as reports relating to the work of the
Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, United Nations Command instructions for debriefing repatriated
United Nations personnel, and lists of United Nations prisoners of war who refused repatriation ("voluntary
non-repatriates"). Many individual documents from this series have been withheld from public access
for national security reasons or privacy considerations.
II.6 Case files of American prisoners of war during the Korean War, 1952-56 (19 ft.)
arranged alphabetically by surname of returned POW, contain dossiers of repatriated American Navy, Marine
Corps, and some U.S. Army prisoners of war who were exchanged or returned under the provisions of articles
109 and 110 of the August 12, 1949, Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War.
Many of the dossiers pertain to United Nations Command POWs repatriated during Operation Little Switch.
The records contain military intelligence summaries of POW interviews conducted during Phases I, II, and III
of the RECAP-K interrogation program. Collectively, these summaries focus on the details of captures
and escapes (dates and locations), interrogations by Communist forces, strategic intelligence information
about those forces, details of their military maneuvers, war crimes and atrocities, casualties, the number
of POWs in a specific North Korean camp, and the proximity of Communist Chinese and Soviet military
personnel. The interrogations also include psychiatric and security evaluations of the POWs, and
personal history background information. The dossiers pertaining to those POWs who were alleged to
have collaborated with North Korean military personnel were categorized "special intelligence."
II.7 Appendix B lists Navy and Marine Corps personnel for whom dossiers exist in this
series. Privacy restrictions apply to records in this series. Depending on the contents of
individual documents, individual case files (or parts thereof) may be withheld from research access.
Record Group 46 - Records
of the U.S. Senate
RECORDS OF THE
SENATE SELECT COMMITTEE ON POW/MIA AFFAIRS,
102D CONGRESS, 1991-93
II.8 The Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs was created in the fall of 1991 to
conduct a comprehensive investigation of evidence and allegations that American servicemen had been detained
by Communist countries throughout the Cold War and particularly after the cessation of combat in Korea and
Vietnam. As the committee held hearings and gathered evidence, it sought to reconstruct a complete and
accurate picture of what information the U.S. Government, foreign governments, and private organizations had
obtained that would answer questions pertaining to unaccounted for Cold War era American prisoners of war
and missing in action personnel. although the select committee concentrated heavily on Vietnam War
POW/MIA issues, it also probed the history of American POW repatriations by the Soviet Union at the end of
World War II, by North Korea and the People's Republic of China at the end of the Korean War, and by other
Communist governments who, for one reason or another, reportedly held American military personnel during the
Cold War years.
II.9 During the course of its existence, members and staff of the select committee
interviewed and heard testimony from numerous U.S. and foreign government officials, POW family members and
activists, former POWs, and professional researchers. The committee also obtained extensive
documentation on POW/MIA issues from U.S. and foreign government agencies, private researchers, POW
organizations, and POW family members. At the conclusion of its work, the Committee published a report
of its findings, titled POW/MIAs: Report of the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, Senate
Report 103-1 Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1993), xii, 1,223 pp., and eight volumes of
verbatim hearings testimony. The hearings volume for testimony on Cold War/Korean War POW/MIA issues
is Hearings Before the Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs...: Cold war, Korea, WWII POWs
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993), iv, 1,044 pp. This volume is particularly
useful because in addition to transcripts of the committee's hearings and testimony, it contains copies of
documents on POW/MIA affairs obtained by Gen. Dimitri Volkogonov from Russian archives and government
sources, as translated and transcribed by the staff of Task Force Russia (see paragraph II.81) and
placed in record with the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs.
II.10 When the committee disbanded in January 1993, its records were retired to the
National Archives and Records Administration's Center for Legislative Archives. These records have
been organized as series within the following topical subgroups: Records Received from Other Agencies,
21 series (158 ft.); Records of the Committee, 13 series, 52 ft.; Investigators Case
Files, 14 series (57 ft.); Audiovisual Records of the Select Committee (described in paragraphs
IV.2-3); Electronic Records of the Select Committee, 1 series; and Classified Records Filed with
Senate Security, 1 series (92 ft.). A detailed descriptive list of these subgroups and series can
be found in Appendix J of Records Relating to American Prisoners of War and Missing in Action from the
Vietnam War, 1960-1994, Reference Information Paper 90, compiled by Charles e. Schamel (Washington, DC:
National Archives and Records Administration, 1996), vi, 127 pp.
II.11 Because the select committee concentrated its inquiries and research on Vietnam
War POW/MIA issues, its records also reflect that emphasis. However, three of the six subgroups noted
above do contain records that provide some information on Korean War and Cold War prisoners of war and
missing servicemen as well. For example, records series among the subgroup of Records Received From
Other Agencies includes POW/MIA affairs correspondence, policy files, investigative reports, POW/MIA
personnel database lists, document file lists with indexes, and other records requested by the select
committee from Federal agencies such as the Department of State, Central Intelligence Agency, Foreign
Broadcast Information Service, Department of the Army, Department of the Navy, Joint Chiefs of Staff,
Department of Defense Joint Casualty Resolution Center, Defense Intelligence Agency, Joint Service SERE
(Survival, Evasion, Resistance, Escape) Agency, and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. These
records are useful primarily because they provide a convenient and concentrated overview of the U.S.
Government's policies, decisions, and actions pertaining to all Cold War era POW/MIA issues. They also
illustrate the type, range, and depth of POW/MIA documentation that has been collected by Federal agencies
since World War II.
II.12 The Records of the Committee subgroup consists partly of series that
include committee deposition and hearings testimony transcripts. A number of witnesses who gave
testimony or evidence to the select committee were ex-POWs who had information about missing servicemen,
POW/MIA research specialists, representatives of veterans' organizations, and officials who represented U.S.
Government agencies that were actively involved in POW/MIA affairs. Some of this testimony and
evidence appears in the published hearings. Alphabetical lists of Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA
Affairs depositions can be found in Appendix K of the previously cited Records Relating to American
Prisoners of War and Missing in Action from the Vietnam War. (See paragraph II.10 above.)
Other records series in this subgroup include the select committee's correspondence file, briefing books,
and the working files of the committee's chief clerk, deputy clerk, and chief counsel. Information in
these records includes biographical background on committee witnesses, Federal agency responses to select
committee requests for records and information, select committee document security and declassification
procedures, and a few case files pertaining to specific individuals who allegedly disappeared as the result
of a Cold War incident. The Center for Legislative Archives maintains detailed folder or document
lists for many of the committee staff's records.
II.13 The Investigators Case Files subgroup contains several series of
background files created and maintained by the select committee investigative staff. These series
include copies of correspondence from various military agencies, private individuals, and organizations.
There are also reference copies of reports prepared by numerous committees, commissions, and agencies that
investigated POW/MIA affairs, various records pertaining to the identification of remains, and other
documents. Information in each case file series reflects a specific investigator's area of
concentration. For example, the working files of committee investigator William E. LeGro, 1991-92
(6 ft.), contain some information on servicemen listed as missing in action during the Korean War. The
Center for Legislative Archives maintains detailed folder or document lists for many of the committee
investigators records.
Record
Group 59 - General Records of the Department of State
II.14 Record Group 59 POW/MIA records are located in the central foreign policy file
of the Department of State and within numerous "lot files." Lot files include accessioned records of
Department of State organizational units based in the Washington, DC area and departmental records relating
to certain functions or special subjects that were not filed in the central foreign policy file of the
Department of State.
CENTRAL FOREIGN POLICY
FILE OF THE UNITED STATES
II.15 The most important source of information on U.S. diplomatic relations during the Cold
War is the central foreign policy file of the Department of State, the decimal file, 1945-63, and its
successor, the subject-numeric file, 1963-73. Both series have been organized according to
complex arrangement schemes. The decimal file, for example, is subdivided into chronological
blocks (1945-49, 1950-54, 1955-59, and 1960-63), and then arranged according to a State Department-devised
subject and country file classification system that underwent major revision in 1950. Current NARA
holdings of the subject-numeric file are also subdivided into chronological segments (1963 and
1964-66, 1967-69, and 1970-73), and arranged thereunder according to a more complicated State Department
alpha-numeric subject and country file-coding scheme. To assist researchers with these arrangement
details, the Textual Reference Branch of the National Archives at College Park maintains State Department
file manuals and National Archives informational handouts that facilitate access to documents in both of
these series. On-site researchers also can use State Department-created name index card, source index
card, and "purport" list series to identify documents in the decimal file.
II.16 Both the decimal file and the subject-numeric file provide significant
documentation of the State Department's participation in Cold War POW/MIA affairs negotiations and
intelligence-gathering activities. Series records include diplomatic correspondence, telegrams,
despatches and instructions, POW/detainee sighting reports, and intelligence analyses that provide detailed
information on State Department efforts to locate and recover specific unaccounted-for American POWs/MIAs
and civilian detainees from the Korean War. Other records in these series document Department of State
efforts to obtain information about prisoners seized during various Cold War incidents. Relevant
decimal files are listed below. Reference copies for some of the cited decimal files are
contractor-produced 35mm microfilm publications (noted parenthetically in the decimal file descriptions).
Appendix G provides more detailed information about microfilmed records cited in this reference
information paper.
- File 611.61241, 1950-54 (1 in.), 1955-59 (contract microfilm C-0015 [UPA], rolls 14-15), and
1960-63 (1 in.), U.S. military and naval personnel, and some civilians, allegedly held or taken prisoner
by the Soviet Union, or last seen or reported under Soviet control.
- File 611.61251, 1950-54 (3 in.), 1955-59 (contract microfilm C-0015 [UPA], roll 15), and
1960-63 (1 in.), U.S. civilians, and some military personnel, allegedly held or taken prisoner by the
Soviet Union, or last seen or reported under Soviet control.
- File 611.93241, 1950-54 (1 in.), 1955-59 (1 in.), and 1960-63 (1 in.), U.S. military and naval
personnel, and some civilian detainees, allegedly held or taken prisoner by the People's Republic of
China, or last seen or reported under control of Communist Chinese authorities.
- File 611.93251, 1955-59 (1 in.), and 1960-63 (less than 1 in.), U.S. civilians, and some
military personnel, allegedly held or taken prisoner by the People's Republic of China, or last seen or
reported under control of Communist Chinese authorities.
- File 611.95a241, 1950-54 (1 ft.), 1955-59 (contract microfilm C-0018(SR), rolls 1-3), and
1960-63 (3 in.), Korean War prisoners of war held by Communist forces, including some civilian detainees
and the 21 U.S. POWs who chose to remain in China as voluntary non-repatriates after the armistice
agreement. (See also decimal file classifications 611.95a251, 611.95241, and
611.95251.)
- File 761.5411, 1955-59 (8 in.), 1960-63 (1 linear foot). Attacks by the Soviet Union on
U.S. military and naval aircraft. The 1960-63 segment consists almost entirely of records relating
to the case of U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers, who was shot down over the Soviet Union in February 1960.
- File 793.5411, 1955-59 (1 in.). Attacks by the People's Republic of China on U.S.
military and naval aircraft.
II.17 Decimal file 611.37241, 1960-63, includes a few items of correspondence
(October-November 1962) between Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina, Presidential adviser Lawrence O'Brien,
and William Brubeck of the State Department that details U.S. Government involvement in securing the release
of Cuban national and American prisoners seized by Cuban forces during the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion.
Other correspondence on this topic can be found in the subject-numeric file, 1963 segment, file
POL.27-7 CUBA (1 in.).
II.18 In that same series, subject-numeric file, 1963 segment, POL. 27-7 CHICOM
(less than 1 in.), contains correspondence between the Department of State and various United States
embassies and consulates that outlines efforts by the Department to negotiate with the People's Republic of
China through the United Arab Republic for the release of four unidentified Americans imprisoned in
Communist China.
RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF THE
LEGAL ADVISOR
II.19 Sam Klaus was Special Assistant to the Department of State Legal Advisor from
1946 to 1963. During those years, he had responsibility for representing the United States in various
legal proceedings before the International Court of Justice. In the course of his research, he
gathered evidence concerning Cold War aircraft "shoot down" incidents and detentions of American military
personnel that involved the United States with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, and
other--most Communist--nations. That documentation comprises most of the records in the aircraft
incidents files (Sam Klaus files), 1944-62 (Lot File 64D551, 44 ft.). Specifically, this series
consists of diplomatic correspondence, memorandums of conversations, witness statements (affidavits,
interrogations, and interviews), reports, intelligence reports, autopsy findings, photographs, maps, charts,
tracings, audiotape interviews, gun camera film, and a few artifacts that Klaus gathered for the purpose of
reconstructing the background, facts, and sequence of events pertaining to numerous Cold War air
confrontations and incidents that resulted in U.S. deaths or detentions.
II.20 The records in this series are arranged roughly by aircraft incident.
Significant "shoot down" and detention cases for which Klaus gathered documentation include the following:
- A U.S. Air Force RB-29 aircraft shot down by Soviet Union military forces north of Hokkaido, Japan,
June 13, 1952.
- A U.S. Air Force RB-29 aircraft shot down by Soviet Union military forces north of Hokkaido, Japan,
October 7, 1952.
- The detention of U.S. Air Force Col. John K. Arnold, Jr., and his B-29 aircraft crew in the People's
Republic of China from early 1953 until August 1955. Arnold's plane was shot down near the North
Korea-Manchuria border on January 12, 1953.
- A U.S. Air Force RB-50 aircraft shot down by Soviet Union military forces over the Sea of Japan on
July 29, 1953.
- A U.S. Navy Neptune (P2V) aircraft shot down by Soviet Union military forces north of Hokkaido on
September 4, 1954.
- A U.S. Air Force RB-29 aircraft shot down by Soviet Union military forces near Hokkaido on November 7,
1954.
- A U.S. P2V reconnaissance aircraft shot down by Soviet Union military forces over the Bering Sea, June
22, 1955.
- A U.S. Navy Mercator (P4M) aircraft shot down by People's Republic of China military forces near
Taiwan on August 22, 1956.
- A U.S. Air Force C-118 aircraft shot down by Soviet Union military forces over Armenia on June 27,
1958.
- A U.S. Air Force C-130 aircraft shot down by Soviet Union military forces over Armenia on September 2,
1958.
- A U.S. Air Force U-2 shot down by Soviet Union military forces on February 1, 1960 (Francis Gary
Powers case).
- A U.S. Air Force RB-47 aircraft shot down by Soviet Union military forces over the Barents Sea on July
1, 1960.
II.21 Several of the audiotape, artifact, and motion picture film items have been
removed from this series either because they are security-classified items or because of preservation
concerns. The series accession dossier contains a list of these removed items, correlated to current
box number locations. Appendix C of this reference information paper provides a box and file
list for this series. The list identifies all cases for which Klaus kept records.
RECORDS OF THE BUREAU OF FAR
EASTERN AFFAIRS
II.22 The Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs was responsible for managing relations of the
United States with all nations, republics, and sovereign governments of Southeast Asia and the South Pacific
islands. The Bureau was involved in area politics, security, economics, public affairs, social
affairs, and consular activities. It also maintained and supervised relations with Far Eastern foreign
missions in the United States and guided U.S. Foreign Service organizations within the Far East.
II.23 In June 1950, with the outbreak of combat operations in Korea, the Bureau of Far
Eastern Affairs began to collect records relating to that conflict. The resulting "Black Book,"
initiated by Dean Rusk while he was Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, documents State
Department and Defense Department efforts to negotiate a cease-fire.
II.24 Sixteen of the chronologically arranged "Black Book" volumes can be found in the
series "Black Book" on cease-fire, December 12, 1950-December 25, 1952 (Lot File 55D128, 3 ft.)
(contract microfilm C-0042 [UPA], rolls 1-7). Each volume includes Department of State letters,
memorandums, communiques, press releases, memorandums of conversations, Department of State and Department
of the Army telegrams, drafts of telegrams and memorandums, intelligence reports, and extracts from National
Security Council numbered documents. Although the volumes cover a large number of Korean War issues
and U.S. Government policies, there is detailed information on the cease-fire negotiations, prisoner of war
issues, and repatriation procedures. Each of the 16 volumes contains a list of the top secret
security-classified documents in it; most volumes also include a table of contents. Box 1 of the
series includes a box contents list. The reference copy of this series is the 7-rool microfilm
publication cited above.
II.25 The "Korean Black Book, January 1, 1954-December 1954" section (1 ft.) of
files relating to Southeast Asia and the Geneva Conference, 1954 (Lot Files 55D480 and 55D481), consists
of chronologically arranged Department of State and Department of the Army memorandums, statements,
messages, and other records that relate to various issues discussed by U.S. negotiators with North Korean
representatives at the armistice talks. Some of these records focus on attempts by both sides to
account for and repatriate known prisoners of war and other missing-in-action personnel who had not been
exchanged or located during Operations Little Switch and Big Switch. There are no document lists or
table of contents for the 1954 records.
II.26 The mostly security-classified central files, 1958-63, of the Office of
East Asian Affairs, Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs, include 2 feet of declassified POW/MIA case files and
other records (boxes 157-161, Lot Files 63D168, 65D93, 65D235, 66D224, 66D245) utilized by U.S.
representatives at the Korean War armistice and peace negotiations to determine the fate of unrepatriated
American prisoners of war and missing-in-action service personnel for whom there were eyewitness accounts,
reliable evidence, or reasonable possibilities suggesting that they had survived as captives of Communist
forces. The largest portion of these records are case files of unaccounted for Army and Air Force
personnel. These files include forms, affidavits and depositions, some photographs, and other
documents that provide basic information on the unrepatriated individual's personal history and military
career, along with fuller accounts of the date and circumstances of his last sighting in combat or
subsequent sightings in captivity. Among these records are various categorical lists of unaccounted
for POWs and MIA personnel (including one list of U.S. servicemen transported to the People's Republic of
china), an affidavit of a captured U.S. Air Force pilot who was interrogated in Communist China, and
Department of Defense statements concerning unaccounted for service personnel. Appendix D is a
box and file list for boxes 157-161 of this series.
II.27 The alpha-numeric file on Korea, 1952-57 (Lot Files 58D643 and 59D407, 4
ft.) (contract microfilm C-0042 [UPA], rolls 7-11), contains four folders of records that pertain to Korean
War prisoner of war issues. Folder P5.2/2 "POWs Captured by Communists and Still Detained,
1955-57" (less than 1 in.), consists of correspondence and memorandums which focus on allegations that North
Korea and the People's Republic of China continued to hold American POWs (notably African American POWs)
after the cease-fire. Folder P5.2.2d "State-Defense Working Group on POWs Held By Chinese
Communists, 1955" (less than 1 in.), contains Working Group memorandums and minutes that focus on proposed
U.S. Government negotiation tactics with Communist China on the release of American civilian and military
personnel. Folder P5.2/4 "U.S. Prisoners of War in the Korean Operation, 1954" (ca. 2 in.),
consists of a major study conducted by the Army Security Center titled "U.S. Prisoners of War in the Korean
Operation: A Study of Their Treatment and Handling by the North Korean Army and the Chinese Communist
Forces," xiv, 695 pp. (November 1954). This study addresses such topics as "The POW in Communist Hands
Prior to 1950"; "Development of [the Communist] POW Camp System"; "Internal Organization of the POW Camps";
"POW Groups and Organizations"; "Interrogation"; "Indoctrination"; "The Bacteriological 'Confessions'";
"Escape and Evasion"; "Judicial and Disciplinary Measures"; "Camp Life and Routine"; "Food"; "Clothing";
"Medical Treatment"; "Correspondence"; and "Radio Broadcasts." It also includes unique aerial
photographs and maps of the North Korean prisoner-of-war camps. Folder P5.4 "Miscellaneous POW
Matters, 1955-56" (less than 1 in.), includes a Department of State critique of the Department of Defense's
proposed Prisoner of War Code of Conduct policy draft. Box 1 of this series includes a box and folder
list. The reference copy of this series is the 5-roll microfilm publication cited above.
Record Group
84 - Records of the Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State
II.28 Several declassified embassy and post records series contain documentation of
U.S. Government efforts to solicit and gather information about U.S. POWs/MIAs from the Korean War or
concerning Cold War military prisoners held by the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.
Post and embassy records series are arranged hierarchically by name of country, thereunder by name of
embassy and/or consulate, then by name of series, and thereunder by decimal file number. Some
individual embassy decimal files are of interest.
- Germany-Bonn Embassy, classified general records, 1956-58, file 321.4 "Prisoners of War"
(1956-58) (less than 1 in.), pertaining to efforts of the Department of State to identify, locate, and
repatriate American military prisoners and other detainees held or allegedly held by the Soviet Union
during the early Cold War years.
- Korea-Seoul Embassy, classified general records, 1953-55, 1956-63, file 321.4 (1953-58)
(4 in.), consisting of diplomatic correspondence, messages, Department of State instructions, and other
records pertaining to U.S. participation in the Korean War cease-fire agreement talks, and Department
efforts to acquire information about unaccounted for U.S. prisoners of war.
- Japan-Tokyo-Office of the U.S. Political Advisor for Japan, classified general records, 1945-52,
file 321.4 "Prisoners of War" (1950-52) (3 in.), consisting of diplomatic messages, correspondence,
and instructions that relate to sightings of American prisoners in North Korea and the People's Republic
of China and to issues raised in the Korean War armistice talks.
- Japan-Tokyo Embassy, classified general records, 1952-63, file 321.4 "Prisoners of War"
(1952-58) (6 in.), concerning the return of several American voluntary nonrepatriates from the Korean War,
sightings of American prisoners of war in North Korea and the People's Republic of China, and procedures
governing the interrogation of foreign sources (such as repatriated World War II Japanese POWs held
captive in the Soviet Union for several years after 1945) for information on American prisoners detained
in Communist countries.
- Switzerland-Bern Embassy, general records, 1953-55, file 321.4 "Prisoners of War"
(1953-55) (6 items), documenting U.S. diplomatic negotiations in 1954 with representatives of the People's
Republic of China for the release of Americans imprisoned in that country.
- U.S.S.R.-Moscow Embassy, confidential file, 1941-55, and classified general records, 1960-63,
files 321.4 "U.S. POWs from Korea in the USSR" (1954) (less than 1 in.), and "Prisoners of War"
(1960) (less than 1 in.), containing consulate and embassy despatches, prisoner/detainee debriefing
summaries, intelligence reports, and Department of State correspondence with the Soviet Union Ministry of
Foreign Affairs dealing with reports and alleged sightings of Cold War or Korean War prisoners of war and
detainees in the Soviet Union.
Record Group 92 - Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General
CORRESPONDENCE
II.29 During the Korean War, the Quartermaster Corps exercised responsibility for the
proper identification and disposition of remains of deceased American military service personnel.
Quartermaster Corps remains recovery and analysis facilities determined the fate of many American MIA
servicemen and unaccounted-for POWs from that conflict.
II.30 The series classified and unclassified general correspondence relating to
places ("geographic file"), 1936-54 (748 ft.), consists of "security classified" (26 ft.) and
"unclassified" (722 ft.) records subseries. The subseries are divided into chronological segments,
each of which contains records that are organized alphabetically by geographic location and thereunder
according to the War Department decimal classification scheme. Locations overseas and in the United
States are alphabetized together, and include cities, states, territories, foreign countries, forts, camps,
and military cemeteries. Under Korea, decimal file 293 "Funerals, Burials, and Reports"
contains records relating to techniques and policies developed by the Army to identify unknown remains from
the Korean War. Most records in the security-classified subseries have been declassified. Only
the classified geographic file, 1953-54 [4 ft.] remains security classified.
II.31 The series of formerly classified and unclassified general correspondence relating
to organizational units ("miscellaneous file"), 1936-54 (295 ft.), also contains records pertaining to
Korean War casualties, most of which can be found under decimals 293 and 314.6 "Death and
Interment Records." The series includes formerly security "classified" (27 ft.) and "unclassified"
(268 ft.) subseries, each of which consists of chronological segments. The chronological segments are
divided alphabetically by category, name of unit, or subject, under which records are arranged according to
the War Department decimal scheme. Researchers who approach this series with knowledge of a specific
individual's organizational unit, date of capture, or the date on which he was last seen will have the most
success in extracting information from it. The following subseries and categories are the most
productive for Korean War/Cold War POW/MIA information.
II.31a The formerly "classified" subseries (1946-52 segment), and the "unclassified"
subseries (1949-50, 1951-52, and 1953-54 segments) include categories such as "Army Forces in Korea," "Army,
Korea," and "Army Forces-Far East." Under these categories, decimal files 293 and 314.6
contain burial, casualty, and remains identification reports and other records that pertain to Army
personnel listed as missing in action during the Korean War. Decimal files 293 and 314.6
under the "Army Forces-Army, Korea" category of the "unclassified" subseries for 1953-54 include 8204th Army
Unit board findings relating to bodies and remains of Korean War servicemen that were repatriated during
Operation Glory (1954). The findings of identified remains provide the serviceman's name, rank,
service number, service branch, the name of the place from which remains were recovered, and evacuation
number.
II.31b All of the above listed subseries and chronological segments, plus the
"unclassified" subseries for 1946-48, contain "Graves Registration" categories that are subdivided according
to geographical subcategories (for example, "Graves Registration Service Europe," "Graves Registration Far
East," "Graves Registration Mediterranean," etc.) Under these headings, decimal files 293 and
314.6 include "weekly burial reports" that list names of individuals or set of remains buried ("X"
files), along with the location of burial. Under "Graves Registration Far East," 293 files
include correspondence and other records that pertain to the recovery, identification, and interment of
American military personnel who had been listed as missing in action during the Korean War.
II.32 Formerly classified and unclassified general correspondence ("subject file"),
1936-61 (1,514 ft.), is also divided into "formerly classified, 1936-54" (329 ft.), and "unclassified,
1936-61" (1185 ft.), records subseries. Records within each subseries are then arranged according to
the War Department decimal scheme. The "subject file" is essentially a Quartermaster General policy
file. However, the 293 and 314.6 files in this series do contain cross-reference sheets
that identify some Korean War Army and Air Force prisoners of war and missing-in-action personnel by name,
rank, and service number. The cross-references are usually to documents in other records series, such
as the Quartermaster General's "miscellaneous file" and the Department of the Army's individual
deceased personnel files, 1939-54. (See Appendix F.)
Record Group 112 - Records of the Office of the Surgeon General (Army)
II.33 The subject files, ca. 1945-ca. 1975 (12 ft.), of the Psychiatry and Neurology
Consultant are divided into two sections: "Center for Prisoner of War Studies Subject Files" (i ft.); and
"Vietnam POW/MIA Subject Files" (3 ft.). Each section is arranged in rough alphabetical order by
folder title. This series consists of original medical and psychological research studies, reports,
and publications that focus on the health, welfare, and postwar adjustment problems of former American
prisoners of war who were held captive during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. Other
records within the "Center for Prisoner of War Studies Subject Files" include two unpublished reports on the
work of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission during the Korean War, and an unpublished report titled
"The Historical Management of POWs: A Synopsis of the 1968 U.S. Army Provost Marshal General's Study
Entitled 'A Review of United States Policy on Treatment of Prisoners of War," prepared and edited by the
Environmental Stress Branch, Center for Prisoner of War Studies, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego,
California.
Record Group 153
- Records of the Office of the Judge Advocate General (Army)
II.34 Record Group 153 includes a large body of repatriated POW interrogation testimony,
along with other records that document Korean War crimes and atrocities.
RECORDS OF THE WAR CRIMES BRANCH, INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS DIVISION
II.35 Beginning in World War II and continuing through the Korean War, the Judge
Advocate General's War Crimes Branch served as the American military forces agent for investigating acts of
war criminality and prosecuting alleged war criminals. Following the repatriation of Korean War POWs
during Operations Little Switch and Big Switch, RECAP-K prisoner-of-war interrogation
testimony provided a significant body of evidence that corroborated earlier eyewitness accounts of various
war crimes and atrocity incidents perpetrated by Communist forces on United Nations Command POWs and
missing-in-action personnel. RECAP-K testimony also included references to actions and behavior of
some captured American military personnel that the Judge Advocate General would later define as acts of
collaboration with the enemy.
RECORDS RELATING TO THE KOREAN WAR
II.36 Sometime after May 1954, the War Crimes Branch acquired Korean War crimes and
atrocity files of the War Crimes Division, Judge Advocate Section of the Korean Communications Zone (KCOMZ).
The KCOMZ Judge Advocate was responsible for investigating all allegations of crimes and atrocities during
the Korean War. Because numerous reports of such incidents came early in the conflict, the KCOMZ Judge
Advocate Section established a War Crimes Division in October 1950 to investigate reports of war crimes in
both South and North Korea. Before the Division was terminated in May 1954, it had investigated 1,956
war crimes incidents.
II.37 The Division maintained its investigatory records as a series of numbered and
sequentially arranged Korean War crimes case files (investigations of atrocities against POWs in Korea),
1952-54 (37 ft.). "KWC" prefix case numbers were assigned chronologically by the date that
investigation of a specific war crime incident began. A typical file includes case summary sheets,
statements of witnesses, and supporting papers collected by the War Crimes Division.
II.38 Prisoners of war held by the United Nations Command who are named in the case
files as either war crimes suspects or witnesses and U.S. personnel who are named as witnesses or victims of
atrocities are listed alphabetically and cross-referenced to KWC case numbers in Appendix IV of the "Final
Historical and Operational Report of the War Crimes Division" (May 31, 1954). Appendix I of that same
report is a case roster, arranged by KWC case number, that records actions taken in each of the war crimes
cases investigated in Korea. Copies of these appendixes and the report can be found in the
chronologically arranged historical reports of the War Crimes Division, 1952-54 (1 ft.), which
include other reports--both interim and final--that document war crimes investigations conducted throughout
the Korean War and during Operations Little Switch and Big Switch. These reports, and
their appendixes, also provide summaries of verified atrocity incidents and captioned photographs of war
crimes victims.
II.39 Operation Big Switch interrogation reports, 1953-54 (2 ft.), consists of
debriefing testimony provided by American prisoners of war repatriated during Operation Big Switch.
Testimony focuses on conditions of captivity and treatment by North Korean and Communist Chinese forces.
A typical interrogation narrative will usually provide the POW's name, rank, service number, and unit;
details of his capture and march to captivity; his medical treatment; and the names, personal details, and
circumstances of other prisoners of war that he knew or about whom he had some knowledge. Other
records within this series include aerial photographs and POW sketch maps of North Korean prisoner-of-war
compounds. The interrogation narratives are arranged alphabetically by POW surname.
RECORDS OF THE RECAP-K PROGRAM
II.40 Following the Korean War cease-fire agreement, Army lawyers prosecuted a number
of returning American POWs under various provisions of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Much of
the evidence utilized by court-martial attorneys was obtained from Army RECAP-K intelligence interrogations
of returning Korean War prisoners of war. Case files of returned, exchanged, and recaptured
American personnel, 1953-54 (2 ft.), provide information on several of these court-martial trials.
Documents in a typical file include legal briefs and Army correspondence that detail charges filed against a
specific ex-POW, the legal basis for prosecuting him, and various issues raised in trial proceedings.
Some case files include additional documentation of court-martial charges and proceedings in the form of
newspaper clippings and correspondence between Army prosecutors and defense attorneys and congressional
representatives. These case files are arranged by year and thereunder alphabetically by ex-POW
surnames.
II.41 The Army later reviewed many of these court-martial convictions. Partial
documentation of the review process can be found in records relating to the Ad Hoc Board for Review of
Sentences in RECAP-K Cases (RECAP-K program), 1956-58 (5 in.). This series includes board meeting
notices and minutes, a list of cases, counsel arguments, appellant medical and psychiatric evaluations,
reports (case decisions), and a copy of the board's final report.
II.42 Records pertaining to U.S. Army personnel who refused repatriation in Korea
("voluntary non-repatriates"), 1953-57 (9 in.), and records pertaining to voluntary non-repatriates,
1955-57 (4 in.), include letters from the American public to government officials that capture a range of
opinions about those American prisoners of war who chose to reside in the People's Republic of China after
the Korean War cease-fire agreement. These series also contain Department of Defense investigatory
summaries of information on specific voluntary nonrepatriates, and various records gathered by Army
investigators as evidence of criminal behavior.
II.43 Several additional small series that relate to the RECAP-K program focus on the
investigation, interrogation, and prosecution of repatriated American POWs from the Korean War.
General records, 1953-55 (1 ft.), arranged according to a numerical-subject classification scheme,
include correspondence, memorandums, reports, studies, messages, newspaper clippings, minutes of
conferences, directives, and other records that document Army policies and procedures governing the
investigation and prosecution of returned or exchanged American POWs who may have committed violations of
the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Official policies and procedures relating to the interrogation,
investigation, and prosecution of American POWs from the Korean War can be found in the chronologically
arranged Department of the Army directives, 1954-57 (1 in.). Records relating to the
prosecution of Korean War POWs, 1954-58 (2 in.), consist of correspondence, messages, press clippings,
and other records regarding prosecution in Federal courts of honorably discharged prisoners of war on
treason and other criminal charges that stemmed from alleged misconduct in captivity. Records in this
series are arranged chronologically.
II.44 The final report of the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2
(Intelligence) regarding Phase II of the RECAP-K Program, September 1954 (1 in.), is a mimeographed copy
of the final report prepared by Army G-2 to document its participation in Phase II of the RECAP-K program.
During Phase II, G-2 reviewed evidence in 215 cases involving active duty former American POWs from the
Korean War who were accused of flagrant collaboration. G-2 then forwarded its findings, along with
trial recommendations from major commanders, to the Department of the Army and Department of Defense for
trial authorization. The report summarizes charges and specifications against 78 individuals whose
names were submitted to the Department of the Army's Board on Prisoner of War Collaboration for
consideration of disciplinary action.
Record
Group 218 - Records of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff
II.45 At various times during the Cold War years, the Joint Chiefs of Staff formulated
policies and guidelines governing aerial surveillance of foreign countries for intelligence and scientific
purposes. Selected files within two JCS records series provide background on some of the military
issues, deliberations, and decisions that deprived that derived from U.S. military reconnaissance flights
over the Soviet Union, Korea, and the People's Republic of China following World War II.
II.46 The JCS central correspondence ("decimal file"), 1942-63 (1,425 ft.),
consists of separate "security classified" (640 ft.) and "formerly security classified" (785 ft.) records
subseries. Each subseries is arranged in chronological segments (1942-45, 1946-47, 1948-50, 1951-53,
1954-565, and yearly thereafter(, and thereunder according to either the War Department decimal
classification scheme (through 1958) or the Navy's standard subject identification code (SSIC) system
(1959-63). In both the "security classified" and "formerly classified" subseries, War Department
decimal file 000.5 (5-12-49) for 1954-56 segments includes a few messages between the Department of
the Army and the United Nations Command that focus on attempts made in 1951, 1955, and 1956 by United
Nations Command negotiators at Panmunjom and by State Department diplomats in Geneva to obtain information
from North Korean and People's Republic of China representatives. Both the United Nations Command the
State Department were seeking information about known prisoners of war in Communist custody; about other,
unaccounted-for POWs; and about missing-in-action personnel from the Korean War. File 000.5
(5-12-49) also includes various policy documents relating to misconduct indictments and prosecutions of
U.S. POWs from the Korean War and to the implementation of POW conduct training throughout the U.S. military
services. File 062 "Coordination of Photographic Reconnaissance" (both subseries) includes
correspondence, memorandums, JCS decisions, and other program and policy records that document the
intelligence, cartographic, and scientific rationale for military aerial reconnaissance operations through
1958. SSIC files 2410 "Photographic and Survey Intelligence" in both subseries include much the
same information for operations after 1958, but they occasionally focus on more specific issues arising from
the implementation of military aerial reconnaissance policy. For example, SSIC 2410, 10 August
1960, Sec. 2 ("formerly security classified" subseries) and SSIC 2410, 10 August 1960, Sec. 1 & 2
("security classified" subseries) include JCS correspondence, briefings, action proposals, and policy
papers, along with various Department of State diplomatic communications pertaining to the release of two
Soviet-detained American RB-47 crew members shot down over the Barents Sea on July 1, 1960. Those
files also include other records that document JCS policies and justifications for U-2 surveillance flights.
The Textual Reference Branch of the National Archives at College Park maintains box and folder lists for the
formerly security-classified sections of this series.
II.47 The JCS geographic correspondence ("geographic file"), 1942-58 (387 ft.),
also consists of separate "security classified" (114 ft.) and "formerly security classified" (273 ft.)
records subseries. Each subseries is divided into chronological segments (1942-45, 1946-47, 1948-50,
1951-53, 1954-56, 1957, and 1958). The segments are divided alphabetically by name of country or
geographic area (e.g., "Far East," "Korea," "U.S.S.R."), under which records are arranged according to the
War Department decimal classification scheme. File CCS-062 "Photo Reconnaissance-Far East,
7-4-50, Sections 1-3" ("formerly security classified" subseries for 1948-50 and 1954-56) contains the most
detailed JCS policy information on military aerial reconnaissance missions over Communist China, Korea, and
the Soviet Union during the Cold War years. Individual documents within these files include
operational requests and justifications and JCS decisions. The Textual Reference Branch of the
National Archives at College Park maintains box and folder lists for all of the declassified geographic
correspondence.
II.48 JCS messages related to operations in the Far East, May 29, 1950-July 31, 1953
(4 ft.), consist of dispatches exchanged between the Joint Chiefs of Staff and other officials, including
the Commander in Chief of the Far East Command and the United Nations Command, along with information copies
of dispatches that were sent or received by the Department of State, U.S. ambassadors and negotiators in
Korea, the Defense Department, and the Supreme Commander Allied Powers. The dispatches are arranged in
two subseries ("JCS declassified dispatches" and "dispatches not reviewed by JCS for declassification"),
thereunder by type of message ("incoming" or "outgoing"), and thereunder chronologically by date of message.
Some relate specifically to Korean War POWs and the armistice negotiations.
Record Group 319 -
Records of the Army Staff
RECORDS OF THE ARMY CHIEF OF STAFF
II.49 The Army Chief of Staff general correspondence (decimal file), 1948-62
(423 ft.), includes lists and rosters, correspondence, reports, studies, and other records that provide
broad information on Army involvement with Korean War prisoner-of-war issues. This series comprises
several subseries, including
- the declassified "decimal file, 1948-54";
- "security classified general correspondence [decimal file], 1955-62";
- declassified "top secret correspondence, 1948-52"; and
- security-classified "top secret general correspondence, 1953-62."
II.50 Each of the subseries is divided into chronological segments under which records
are arranged according to the War Department decimal number filing scheme.
II.51 The 383.6 "Prisoners of War" and 704 "Casualties, Wounded, and
Wounds" War Department decimal files of subseries 1 and 2 are the most useful sources of information about
Korean War/Cold War era prisoners of war and missing-in-action status personnel. For example, the
1951-52 383.6 files of subseries 1 include correspondence and reports pertaining to alleged war
crimes and atrocities perpetrated by the North Korean Army on captured United Nations Command troops.
Those files also contain a "Roster of U.N. Military Personnel Believed to Be in Enemy Hands But Not on [the]
Communist List Dated 18 Dec. 1951." Categorical lists of captives within that roster identify the
various sources of information about each prisoner of war, such as Red Cross report; Communist radio or
press release; POW letter received by relative or friend; mentioned in captured enemy document or noted in
enemy photographs; mentioned in debriefing of repatriated POW; mentioned in interrogation of enemy prisoner;
and "other" sources. The post-1953 383.6 files of both subseries 1 and 2 contain extensive
documentation of Army RECAP-K program functions, such as POW Phase II and Phase IV interrogation procedures,
record keeping practices, and the evaluation and presentation of evidence pertaining to alleged POW
misconduct. These files also include lists of repatriated POWs who were charged with misconduct as a
result of RECAP-K interrogations. The lists include statements of specific charges, along with
evidence and witness summaries. Other 383.6 records in the series focus on the legal status and
conduct of American voluntary nonrepatriates, on revisions in prisoner-of-war training for American service
personnel, on the development of an interservice Code of Conduct following the Korean War, and on attempts
by American officials to negotiate with North Korea and China concerning the identification of American
service personnel who remained unaccounted for after the Korean War cease-fire agreement. The 1950 and
1951-52 704 files of subseries 1 supplement these rosters with casualty reports and lists that
provide name and statistical information on POWs and missing-in-action personnel by categories such as date
of capture, Army branch of service, grade, and state of residence.
II.52 A security classified index to the decimal file, 1948-62 (201 ft.),
provides file locations, names of senders and recipients, and content descriptions for individual documents
located within subseries 1 and 2. Top secret decimal files indexes, 1948-62 (12 ft.), provide
the same information for documents filed in subseries 3 and 4. These two card indexes are arranged by
War Department decimal file number. The Army tracked classified and formerly classified top secret
correspondence (subseries 3 and 4) by chronologically assigned document numbers, which were entered into
top secret registers, 1951-62 (2 ft.).
RECORDS OF THE ASSISTANT CHIEF OF STAFF FOR PERSONNEL (G-1)
II.53 Some information on the Army's administration of prisoner-of-war affairs during the
Korean War can be found in the general correspondence (decimal file), 1949-54 (562 ft.), which is
divided into chronological segments (1949-50, 1951-52, 1953, and 1954) under which records are arranged
according to the War Department decimal scheme. File 383.6 "Prisoners of War" includes
correspondence, memorandums, reports, policy documents, and other documents that illustrate United Nations
Command procedures for the exchange and reprocessing of prisoners of war, and Army policies governing the
promotion and pay of POWs during their captivity. The 383.6 files for 1953 and 1954 also contain
references to the names of some individual prisoners of war who were prosecuted in court-martial proceedings
for various acts of misconduct and collaboration following their return to U.S. control.
RECORDS OF THE ASSISTANT CHIEF OF STAFF FOR INTELLIGENCE (G-2)
G-2 DECIMAL FILE
II.54 Throughout the Cold War years, the Army intelligence staff (G-2) collected vast
amounts of documentation on Army personnel who were held as prisoners of war or listed as missing in action
during the Korean and Vietnam Wars. G-2 also gathered and investigated eyewitness accounts
(intelligence summaries) that conveyed information on alleged sightings of Army personnel held by Communist
countries during the Cold War period.
II.55 Many of these documents can be found in the three main records series that constitute
the G-2 Decimal File: the top secret decimal correspondence file, 1942-62 (33 ft.); the
secret decimal correspondence file, 1953-64 (244 ft.); and the decimal correspondence file, 1941-64
(2,971 ft.).
II.56 Each of these series is divided into chronological (usually yearly) segments
that are then normally subdivided into "decimal correspondence" and "project decimal correspondence"
sections. Records filed within the "decimal correspondence" section are arranged by War Department
decimal number. However, documents within the more complex "project decimal correspondence" section
are arranged hierarchically by broad topic, such as "Army Attaches," "Liaison Offices" (foreign attaches),
"Armies," "Small Army Units," "International Organizations or Defense Pacts," "Special Projects," "Camps,
Posts and Stations," "Schools," and "Countries and Geographical Areas," then by specific subtopics, and
thereunder according to the War Department decimal filing scheme.
II.57 In addition to the two major subdivisions noted above, some series also include
other, smaller sections. For example, within the decimal correspondence file, 1941-64 there are
"C" Letter Files, 1957-64" (controlled Army attache correspondence), and "A/A Country Files, 1961, 1963-64"
(Army attache correspondence), an "Access File, 1961" (personal name security clearance accreditations), and
"Miscellaneous Files, 1961" (general administrative records. The secret decimal correspondence file
includes "Secret 'C' Letter Files, 1957-64" ("Secret A/A 'C' Letter File, 1961), "Secret A/A Country
Files, 1961-64," and a "Secret Alphabetical Name File and A/A Country File, 1964" (mostly Army attache
correspondence).
II.58 At the time of this writing, the only G-2 Decimal File records available for
public research are those that constitute the largely declassified 1941-52 chronological segments of the
decimal correspondence file, 1941-64, and individual declassified War Department decimal file
records--some pertaining to POWs and MIAs--in the other two G-2 Decimal File series.
II.59 For researchers who successfully negotiate the organizational complexities and
current access restrictions of the G-2 Decimal File, there are substantial rewards. The three
component series offer extensive documentation on a wide variety of POW/MIA issues that confronted Army
officials during the Cold War years. Some examples follow:
- Army memorandum comments on proposed revisions to the Geneva Convention of July 27, 1929, Relative to
the Treatment of Prisoners of War. See decimal correspondence file, 1941-64, 1941-48 segment,
decimal file 383.6 (1948).
- Random issues of the serially issued official Army battle casualty reports, which provide periodic and
cumulative statistical documentation of Army personnel who were listed as missing in action and as
prisoners of war during the Korean War. See decimal correspondence file, 1941-64, 1949-50
segment, "decimal correspondence" section, decimal file 704; and 1951-52 segment, "decimal
correspondence" section, "main" and "supplemental" subsections, decimal file 704.
- Detailed lists of camps and facilities used by the North Korean Army to house American prisoners of
war during the Korean War. See secret decimal correspondence file, 1953-64, 1953 segment,
"project decimal correspondence" section, "Countries and Geographical Areas--Korea" [broad topic and
subtopic categories], decimal file 383.6.
- Prisoner-of-war debriefing interviews, reports and studies, and other documents that focus on the type
and effectiveness of interrogation, indoctrination, and "brainwashing" techniques that Communist forces
practiced on American prisoners of war during the Korean War. These records are scattered throughout
all three series of the G-2 Decimal File. However, within these series they are concentrated
mainly in two areas: the 383.6 decimal files of the "decimal correspondence" sections of the
various 1950-63 segments; and in the 383.6 decimal files located under "Countries and Geographical
Areas--Korea" [broad topic and subtopic] within the "project decimal correspondence" sections of the
various 1950-63 segments.
- Army correspondence with various congressional investigating committees which sought information on
charges that during the Korean War Communist forces recruited American POWs to carry out sabotage and
espionage missions in the United States following their repatriation. See decimal correspondence
file, 1941-64, 1959 segment, "project decimal correspondence" section, "Countries and Geographical
Areas--Korea," decimal file 383.6. These files include an Army intelligence report that
evaluates accusations made by returning POWs during intelligence debriefings against 75 individuals "who
allegedly returned to the United States as trained agents of Communist espionage."
- Reports and studies that focus on Communist atrocities against American POWs during the Korean War.
See decimal correspondence file, 1941-64, 1953 segment, "project decimal correspondence section,"
"Countries and Geographical Areas--Korea," decimal file 383.6.
- Correspondence, reports, memorandums, and policy documents detailing the Army's policy position and
participation on the Department of Defense's Ad Hoc Committee on Prisoners of War. The ad hoc
committee was created by the Secretary of Defense on August 7, 1954, for the purpose of recommending a
program of indoctrination and training of military personnel in "conduct while in a POW status." The
ad hoc committee also formulated a post-Korean War interservice Code of Conduct (1955) that prescribed a
standard of conduct for U.S. military personnel interned as prisoners of war. See decimal
correspondence file, 1941-64, and secret decimal correspondence file, 1953-64, 1954 segments,
"decimal correspondence sections," decimal file 383.6.
- Army RECAP program policy and procedure memorandums and publications governing the intelligence
debriefing and return to duty or discharge of Army personnel who were captured by Communist forces during
the Cold War (RECAP-WW) or the Korean War (RECAP-K), but who then returned to U.S. control as the result
of escape or exchange. See decimal correspondence file, 1941-64, 1959 segment, "project
decimal correspondence" section, "Countries and Geographical Areas--Korea," decimal file 383.6; and
1963 chronological segment, "decimal correspondence section," decimal file 383.6.
- Army policy and procedure memorandums and publications dealing with the official status, return to
U.S. control, and prosecution of Army prisoners of war who chose to remain in Communist China as voluntary
nonrepatriates after the Korean War cease-fire. See decimal correspondence file, 1941-64,
1953 segment, "project decimal correspondence" section, "Countries and Geographical Areas--Korea," decimal
file 383.6; 1957 segment, "project decimal file 383.6; and top secret decimal
correspondence file, 1942-62, 195 segment, "project decimal correspondence" section, "Korea," decimal
file 383.6.
- POW/MIA lists, memorandum recommendations, and other records that document the Army's response to
requests from United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission representatives for support in
documenting demands submitted to Communist Military Armistice Commission to negotiators at Panmunjom for
information on unaccounted-for Army POWs/MIAs. See decimal correspondence file, 1941-64, 1957
segment, "project decimal correspondence" section, "Countries and Geographical Areas--Korea," decimal file
383.6.
- Semiannual progress reports of the Army's post-Korean War POW code of conduct program, with copies of
training manuals on such topics as "escape and evasion," enemy "indoctrination and interrogation"
techniques, and resistance techniques. See top secret decimal correspondence file, 1942-62,
1957 segment, "decimal correspondence section," decimal file 383.6.
- Correspondence between the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (G-2) and the Department of State
along with some intelligence interrogations that relate to reported sightings of Army personnel held in
captive status by Communist nations (mainly the Soviet Union, but also Communist China) during the Cold
War years. See decimal correspondence file, 1941-64, 1960, 1961, and 1962 segments, "project
decimal correspondence" section, "Countries and Geographical Areas--Russia [or U.S.S.R.]," decimal file
383.6; same series, 1961 segment, "project decimal correspondence" section, "Countries and
Geographical Areas--China," decimal file 383.6; same series, 1957 segment, decimal correspondence
section, decimal file 383.6; same series, 1941-48 segment, "decimal correspondence" section,
decimal file 383.6.
- Lists of American Army personnel "abducted, captured, or detained" by Sino-Soviet and irregular
Communist forces, 1954-62. See decimal correspondence file, 1941-62, 1962 segment, "decimal
correspondence" section, decimal file 383.6.
G-2 DECIMAL FILE INDEXES
II.60 The Army created working "index" sheets and cards for each document in the three
G-2 Decimal File series. They have been organized into seven series, listed below. The
sheets or cards generally provide the following information for individual decimal file documents: main
subject; brief subject summary; War Department classification main and cross-reference file numbers; date of
document; and name of document sender and recipient. Each sheet or card also indicates whether the
document was originally security classified or unclassified--thereby providing clues to its current probable
location among the three constituent G-2 Decimal File records series.
II.61 The seven component G-2 Decimal File index series are as follows:
- Declassified microfilmed cross-reference sheets to Army intelligence project decimal file, 1941-45
(Microfilm Publication T1010, 179 reels of 16 mm microfilm, numbered 213-391). Arranged by broad
topic (e.g., "Countries," "Postal Censorship," "Islands," "Stations and Cities," "Schools," "Offices,"
"Military Installations"), thereunder by subtopic, and thereunder by War Department decimal number.
- Security-classified microfilmed cross-reference sheets to Army intelligence project decimal file,
1941-45 (396 reels of 16 mm microfilm). Arranged by broad topic (e.g., "Service Commands,"
"Departments," "Commands," "APOs," "Corps," "Armies," "Units," "Military attaches," "Countries," "Postal
Censorship," "Islands," "States and cities," "Schools," "Branch Offices," "Military Installations"),
thereunder by subtopic, thereunder by War Department decimal number.
- Security-classified microfilmed cross-reference sheets to Army intelligence decimal file, 1941-48
(350 reels of 16 mm microfilm). Arranged by War Department decimal number.
- Security-classified microfilmed cross-reference sheets to army intelligence decimal file, 1949-50
(50 reels of 16 mm microfilm). Arranged by War Department decimal number.
- Security-classified microfilmed cross-reference sheets to army intelligence decimal file, 1951-52
(36 reels of 16 mm microfilm). Arranged by War Department decimal number.
- Security-classified cross-reference card subject index to the project decimal files, 1953-56
(151 ft.). Arranged by broad topic (e.g., "Military attaches," "Army attaches," "Liaison Offices,"
"Armies," "Small Army Units," "Special Projects," "Installations," "States and Cities," "Countries"),
thereunder by subtopic, thereunder by War Department decimal number.
- Security-classified cross-reference card subject index to the decimal file, 1953-56 (192 ft.).
Arranged by War Department decimal number.
II.62 In theory, G-2 staff would have filed all records pertaining to POW and MIA
personnel under decimal files 383.6 or 704. But that is not always the case. Under
War Department decimal file 311.51 "Code Names," the cross-reference card subject index to the
decimal file, 1953-56, includes approximately 75 index card references to RECAP-K program policy records
and roughly 20 other card references to similar records of the RECAP-WW program. Cross-reference
citations on these index cards indicate that G-2 filed POW/MIA records under several decimal file locations
other than 383.6 and 704. In addition, researchers who work with these index sheets and
cards should be aware that they do refer occasionally to documents that are missing from the G-2 Decimal
File series. Thus, the indexes service different research purposes: they provide document
citations and primary locations; they cross-reference additional locations for pertinent documents; and they
alert researchers to documents that might once have been filed in the G-2 Decimal File.
OTHER RECORDS
II.63 Army intelligence officers conducted numerous RECAP-K program POW interrogations at
the end of the Korean War and following the armistice agreement. The Army was mainly interested in
learning what it could about the attempts of American POWs to "escape and evade" the enemy. However,
the debriefing reports, also known as "RECAP-K Phase II and III Interrogations of Repatriated American
Prisoners of War," provide information on many other aspects of POW life, including the details of an
individual's capture and his treatment in camp, the names of POWs who died as captives, indoctrination and
interrogation techniques employed by Communist officials, camp names and topographic features, diet, and
sanitation conditions.
II.64 These reports are arranged alphabetically by the surnames of interviewed
ex-POWs. They are accompanied by 3 linear feet of computer punchcards that provide an alphabetical
listing of American POWs who were repatriated in Operations Little Switch and Big Switch. For each
name, these cards also list the POW's rank, service number, date of birth, and various "dossier" numbers.
Information from the punchards is also available in electronic format. (See paragraphs III.12-III.13.)
The declassified reports and punchcards are filed as item number 950774: RECAP-K (6 ft.), within the
"intelligence document file; publications ('950000' file), 1947-62" (503 ft.) subseries of the main file
numerical series of intelligence documents ("ID" file), ca. 1938-62 (ca. 8,100 ft.). (The main
file series is commonly known as the "Army Intelligence Document File.")
II.65 The security-classified retired records group, 1940-65 (35 ft.), consists of
records retained by G-2 in its Records Section until 1965 because of their topical sensitivity. This
series is arranged by subject (e.g. "Attaches," "Liaison Officers," "Posts, Camps and Centers," "Schools,"
"States and Cities," "Countries," and "Correspondence"), thereunder by the War Department decimal scheme,
and thereunder chronologically. Many of these items were once part of the G-2 top secret decimal
correspondence file. Several boxes within this series contain declassified documents that pertain
to Cold War and Korean War prisoner-of-war issues. The 383.6 folder in box 9, for example,
includes a G-2 memorandum, dated August 17, 1954, responding to questions raised by the chairman of the
Senate Permanent Committee on Investigations pertaining to U.S. personnel detained in "Iron Curtain"
countries. The August 17 memorandum summarizes what Army G-2 knew about American prisoners in those
countries, based on interrogations that were conducted by the U.S. Government or supplied by foreign
sources. It includes a list of U.S. Army personnel who were taken to Manchuria during the Korean War
but eventually repatriated, another list of American detainees and defectors who were subsequently returned
by Communist-bloc countries, and two other lists of persons "believed to be" in East Germany or in "Soviet
Territory other than East Germany." Folder 383.6 in box 24 includes a declassified memorandum
written by the U.S. military attache in Moscow on September 23, 1948, that summarizes American inquiries and
Soviet responses to charges that U.S. prisoners were being held by the U.S.S.R. Folder 383.6 in
box 63 contains declassified memorandums, correspondence, reports, and other records that focus on East
German detention of American personnel, the Army's definition of "detainee" and "defector," and evidence
that some Americans repatriated during the Korean War "might have received assignment by the Soviets or
Chinese Communists to conduct sabotage or espionage missions on their return to the U.S." This folder
also includes declassified correspondence that documents Army cease-fire negotiation proposals for the
release and repatriation of Korean War POWs.
II.66 Counterintelligence files, Korea, 1950-58 (23 ft.), include reports, studies, testimony,
debriefings, rosters, black and white photographs, and other records that focus on the treatment, character,
and behavior of American prisoners of war during the Korean War. There are, for example, Army reports
and studies that provide information on the psychological effects of captivity and on Communist POW
interrogation and indoctrination techniques. There are also prisoner-of-war interrogations and
investigative reports that pertain to the personal history and behavior of American voluntary nonrepatriates
and to allegations of POW collaboration with the enemy. Box 1 of this series includes several black
and white photographic prints of American prisoners of war in captivity, most of which are copies of work
produced by Communist officials and journalists. Other photographic prints in box 1 were provided to
the Army by Life magazine, several of which were featured in an article on American prisoners of war
that ran in the May 11, 1953 (vol. 34, no. 19), issue of that publication. Other records in this
series include transcripts and summaries of POW broadcasts over Radio Peking and Radio Pyongyang, and a few
records relating to "irregularities" in the Army's prosecution of repatriated American prisoners of war on
charges of collaboration. The records in this series are arranged by the War Department decimal
classification number 383.6, and thereunder in chronological order. Parallel sections of
miscellaneous and chronologically arranged "enclosures" follow the 383.6 files. Although most
of these records have been declassified, some documents remain FOIA-exempt because they provide detailed
information on the personal and medical history of ex-POWs, voluntary nonrepatriates, and witnesses of
alleged crimes.
RECORDS OF THE ASSISTANT CHIEF OF STAFF FOR OPERATIONS (G-3)
II.67 The Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations security classified correspondence
[decimal file], 1950-55 (1,059 ft.), is divided into five chronological segments (1950-51, 1952, 1953,
1954, and 1955), under which records are generally arranged according to the War Department decimal
classification scheme. (The 1952 and 1953 chronological segments, however, are divided into "main,"
"bulky," and "bulky bulk" decimal file sections, under which records are arranged according to the War
Department decimal filing scheme.) The series includes records that document the Army's involvement
with prisoner-of-war and missing-in-action personnel issues during the Korean War. these records,
which are usually filed under the yearly 383.6 and 704 decimal designations, include POW/MIA
lists and casualty statistics, correspondence and messages relating to POW/MIA exchange negotiations and
repatriation operations, and analyses of "lessons learned" from POW interrogations. There are also
reports and studies that focus on such topics and Communist POW indoctrination techniques, improvements in
"captive status" training offered by the American military, and the development of an interservice Code of
Conduct that would reflect "lessons learned" from the Korean War. The 383.6 files also include
assorted records that focus on the legal and administrative status of voluntary nonrepatriates, and on the
Army's handling of alleged criminal activity and conduct violations by some U.S. Army POWs while in captive
status.
II.68 Nearly all of the 383.6 and 704 files within this series have been
declassified. Specific documents or record items within the yearly decimal files include the
following:
- File 383.6 (1950-51 segment). Alphabetical lists of American POWs arranged by North
Korean camp number. These lists provide the POW's name, serial number, rank, and unit.
- File 704 (1950-51, and 1952 "main" section). Incomplete runs of biweekly statistical
reports titled "Battle Casualties of the Army" [CTB-39], DA Report CASCAP-90, August 1, 1950-52.
These compilations include statistics on "missing in action" and "captured or interned" personnel listed
by date, rank, state of residence, and branch of Army service.
- File 383.6 (1953 "bulky file" section). "Final Report, Joint Classification Board, Office
of the Assistant Chief of Staff, J-2 (Intelligence), [Far East Command], Operation Little Switch,"
which includes sections on Little Switch organization and mission, counterintelligence and
psychological warfare, psychiatric evaluation, legal aspects, and recommendations."
- File 383.6 (1954). An 18-page "Memorandum Summary of an Analysis of Interrogation Data
From Little Switch" prepared by the Psychological Warfare Research Division of the Human Resources
Research Office, July 1953 (which includes sections on POW camp conditions, indoctrination techniques and
POW responses, resistance, adjustments to captivity, camp locations and dates of establishment, and the
names of alleged collaborators mentioned in interrogation reports and interviews); and an undated "United
Nations Command Report on Operations of [the] Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission," 288 pp. The
Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission (Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, and India) was
established in 1953 by Military Armistice Conference delegates to assist in resolving various
nonrepatriate prisoner-of-war issues.
II.69 The most useful finding aid for this series is the G-3 document register that precedes
each decimal file classification within the yearly records segments and sections. The registers
include document number (assigned generally in chronological order), document source (usually the name of
sender), date of document, subject, type of document, and file cross-references.
II.70 Other finding aids for this series include the subject indexes to security
classified and top secret correspondence, 1950-55 (86 ft.), a series of document lists and
cross-reference sheets that is divided into chronological segments (1950-51, 1952, 1953, 1954 and 1955)
under which the sheets and lists are arranged according to the War Department decimal classification scheme.
Under each decimal number (for example, 383.6), the lists and cross-reference sheets identify
documents filed under that same number (383.6) or a different (but related) War Department decimal
number within the G-3 security classified correspondence, 1950-55. The lists provide the
original decimal number of each document, its office or origin, the date, and a synopsis of each document.
The cross-reference sheets cite the decimal under which the document was filed, the decimals where other
cross-reference sheets for the document were filed, the subject, the date, the office of origin, the
suspense date, and the office to which the document was referred for action.
II.71 On July 10, 1951, representatives of the United Nations Command met formally
with commanders of the Korean People's Army (North Korea) and the Chinese People's Volunteers (People's
Republic of China) to initiate discussions ("Military Armistice Conference" negotiations) to reach a
cease-fire agreement that would bring an end to combat operations during the Korean War. POW
repatriation (Military Armistice Conference agenda item 4) developed into a major issue at the conference,
blocking final agreement on an armistice until July 27, 1953. By terms of the cease-fire agreement, a
joint Military Armistice Commission (MAC), composed of delegates and staff appointed by the opposing sides,
supervised implementation of the cease-fire accords. Delegates and staff representing United Nations
forces were chosen from the United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission (UNCMAC), which had been
established on June 20, 1953--a little over one month prior to the cease-fire agreement. MAC was
assisted in its responsibilities by the Neutral Nations Supervisor Commission (NNSC), which investigated
violations of MAC agreements and oversaw the exchange and return of prisoners of war. NNSC was
composed of representatives from Sweden, Switzerland, Poland, and Czechoslovakia.
II.72 Work of the Military Armistice Conference is thoroughly documented in the
collection of conference agendas, proceedings, transcripts, proposals, reports, summaries, standard
operating procedures, memorandums, correspondence, and maps that comprise the subject-arranged Korean
armistice negotiations files, 1951-58 (11 ft.). Conference agenda item 4 of the armistice focused
on prisoner-of-war repatriation and the resolution of missing-in-action personnel accounting issues.
Boxes 707, 708, and 710 of this series include proceedings of the conference subdelegations, staff officers,
and liaison representatives charged with working out an agreement on agenda item 4. Some of these
proceedings include attached lists of unaccounted-for POWs and missing-in-action personnel submitted by
United Nations Command delegates to their Communist counterparts. Other records in this series include
meeting agendas, meeting minutes, transcripts of meeting proceedings, correspondence, reports, and other
records that document cease-fire agreement implementation activities of the Military Armistice Commission
and the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission. MAC focused most of its early efforts on issues and
problems surrounding the release of prisoners of war and captured civilians held by both sides.
II.74 For other Military Armistice Commission armistice negotiation textual records, see
the descriptions of various series of records of the United Nations Command in Record Group 333 (paragraphs
II.84-89).
Record Group 330 - Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense
II.74 During the years of combat in Korea and shortly thereafter, Defense Department
officials addressed a host of inquiries and policy issues raised by the capture, internment, treatment, and
eventual release of American prisoners of war. The Department also consulted with the President and
the Department of State and advised United Nations Command negotiators on various POW and casualty
accounting issues and proposals that were discussed with Communist negotiators at meetings of the joint
Military Armistice Commission in Panmunjom, Korea.
GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE FILE AND INDEXES
II.75 Department of Defense policies and actions that evolved from the development of
Korean War POW/MIA issues and negotiations are well documented in the Secretary of Defense's general
correspondence, 1947-54, which consists of three series:
- formerly security-classified general correspondence, 1947-54 (228 ft.);
- unclassified general correspondence, 1947-54 (242 ft.); and
- security-classified (restricted data) general correspondence, 1948-54 (2 ft.).
II.76 Only series 1 and 2 contain significant information pertaining to POW/MIA
issues. Each of these two series, in turn, consists of two or more subseries. For example, both
series 1 and 2 include subseries of "decimal correspondence files" (divided into chronological segments
under which records are arranged according to the War Department decimal classification scheme) and
"numerical correspondence files (also divided into chronological segments, but under which records are
arranged according to various DOD-devised numerical file schemes). The unclassified general
correspondence, 1947-54, also consists of an alphabetically arranged "subject correspondence file"
subseries.
II.77 Fortunately, nearly all of the important documents pertaining to Korean War
POW/MIA issues are located in file 383.6 of the chronological segments of the "decimal correspondence
files" subseries of series 1 and 2. Examples of Korean War POW/MIA records within these two series are
described below.
II.77a Formerly security classified general correspondence, 1947-54, "decimal
correspondence files," July 1950-54.
- Files 383.6 (1951 and 1952) include Department of Defense reports, internal policy memorandums,
meeting minutes, and correspondence with Congress, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the United Nations Command,
the Department of State, the President, and the public on such topics as proposals for the exchange of
prisoners of war in Korea; the issue of prisoner of war "forced repatriation" in armistice negotiations;
and public release of names of repatriated U.S. prisoners of war.
- File 383.6 (1953) includes correspondence between the Department of Defense and the Secretary
of the Army that documents terms of a nonpublic agreement made by the U.S. Government with Japan to
interview approximately 30,000 repatriated Japanese prisoners of war who were detained by Communist China
after World War II and roughly 400,000 repatriated Japanese prisoners of war held by the Soviet Union
after that same conflict. Through these interviews, U.S. military officials sought, in part, to
learn more about Communist treatment of prisoners of war and indoctrination techniques. But a few of
the interviewees also provided live sighting reports of Soviet-held prisoners. Most of the other
records in these files focus on efforts made by the Department of Defense to measure and counter the
effects of Communist political indoctrination on American prisoners of war in the Korean War. There
is, for example, correspondence between the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) on CIA studies of "brainwashing" techniques applied by Chinese Communist interrogators to American
prisoners of war. File 383.6 (1953) also includes reports and correspondence generated by
various Army special and ad-hoc committees convened after the Korean War cease-fire to analyze the effects
of Communist indoctrination on U.S. POWs, and to propose a program of "deindoctrination" for those
servicemen. Additional records in file 383.6 (1953) include congressional correspondence with
the Department of Defense pertaining to Military Armistice Commission negotiations for the release and
exchange of Korean War prisoners-of-war, and a memorandum report issued by the Psychological Strategy
Board (April 1953) on suggested negotiating strategies with Communist representatives on various prisoner
of war repatriation issues. There is also a background report on the efforts made by the Communist
Chinese and North Korean Governments to utilize American prisoners of war and their relatives and friends
for the purpose of political propaganda.
- File 383.6 (1954) includes numerous Department of Defense responses to inquiries made by
various congressmen and the Senate Permanent Committee on Investigations about Korean War servicemen who
were listed as unaccounted-for prisoners of war or as missing in action. Many of these individuals
had been declared dead under the Missing Persons Act. In such cases, Defense Department replies to
requests for information about specific servicemen usually summarize the results of investigation and
rationale pertaining to the official ruling on the fates of those individuals. Responses to Senate
Permanent Committee on Investigations inquiries about specific servicemen were handled by the Office of
Legislative Liaison. They generally provide more information about unaccounted-for individuals,
including "name, rank and serial number," lists of American servicemen believed to have been held by North
Korea or the People's Republic of China, and summaries of evidence or interrogation testimony that the
Department of Defense had gathered about suspected detainees or unaccounted-for personnel. The
inquiries and responses refer to repatriated and unrepatriated prisoners of war, and to various Cold War
"shot down" victims. Also in the 383.6 (1954) file is a memorandum drafted by the Department
of Defense Legislative and Public Affairs Office for use by the Senate Permanent Committee on
Investigations that summarize events leading up to the downing of an American B-29 over North Korea on
January 12, 1953, the fate of the crew (commanded by Col. John K. Arnold, Jr.), and details of the
eventual incarceration and espionage trial of crash survivors in the People's Republic of China.
Other documents in file 383.6 (1954) consist of correspondence between the Department of Defense,
the Department of State, and Congress about efforts to secure the release of American prisoners of war
held by North Korea and the People's Republic of China after the Korean War cease-fire; congressional
correspondence, DOD policy memorandums, and legal opinions pertaining to the dishonorable discharge or
prosecution of various repatriated and voluntary nonrepatriate Korean War prisoners of war; and a court of
inquiry findings report pertaining to a Marine Corps field grade officer charged with misconduct during
his time as a Korean War POW.
II.77b Unclassified general correspondence, 1947-54, "decimal correspondence files,"
July 1950-53.
- Files 383.6 (1951, 1952, 1953) include Department of Defense correspondence with congressional
representatives and the general public on issues such as U.S. Government efforts to effect or negotiate
the release of American prisoners of war in Korea; Department of Defense information concerning the health
and welfare of American POWs in North Korea; Communist indoctrination of prisoners of war; efforts by
United Nations Command negotiators and the U.S. Government to secure more information about Korean War
POWs and some missing-in-action personnel not accounted for by North Korean and Communist Chinese
authorities; and Department of Defense policy on the issue of "forced repatriation" of Korean War
prisoners of war. The 1953 files include correspondence between the Defense Department and Congress
that focuses heavily on various administrative and political issues that pertained to the status of 21
American voluntary nonrepatriates from the Korean War. The 1953 files also contain Defense
Department policy statements pertaining to the prosecution and administrative status of those repatriated
Korean War POWs accused of misconduct or collaboration with the enemy.
II.78 Two useful indexes for the Secretary of Defense's general correspondence are
card and slip indexes to formerly security classified general correspondence, 1947-54 (29 ft.); and
indexes to unclassified general correspondence, 1947-53 (91 ft.). These index series are
divided generally into chronological segments and arranged thereunder by subject. They consist of
index cards, index slips, cross-reference sheets, and cross-reference "stay back" document copies ("pinks")
that provide the following information for records in the various series and subseries that constitute the
Secretary of Defense's general correspondence: date of document, names of sender and recipient,
subject of document, file number and cross-reference file numbers, and enclosure notations. There are
index subject categories for "Casualties" and "Prisoners of War."
RECORDS OF THE DEFENSE PRISONER OF WAR/MISSING IN ACTION OFFICE
II.79 The Defense Prisoner of War/Missing in Action Office (DPMO) was established on
July 16, 1993, for the purpose of managing and coordinating all Department of Defense business that pertains
to prisoner of war and missing-in-action personnel. DPMO responsibilities include representing the
Defense Department in negotiating with foreign governments on issues pertaining to unaccounted-for or
unlocated post-1940 prisoner of war/missing-in-action personnel; gathering and analyzing information for
inclusion in an electronic database that will focus on all U.S. military personnel who have been listed as
prisoners of war or missing in action from World War II to the present; declassifying Department of Defense
documents for public release; and serving as an information liaison between the Department, Congress,
POW/MIA families, and veterans organizations.
II.80 Section 1031 of the National Defense Authorization Act of 1995 requires DPMO to
transfer records that it gathers in the course of research to NARA. The first installment of DPMO
records, copies of records relating to Korean War POW/MIAs, 1951-58 (5 ft.), includes copies of
documents held by other Federal records repositories, such as the Library of Congress, the U.S. Army Center
for Military History, the U.S. Navy Operational Archives, and the National archives. Records within
this series are arranged by the name of the agency from which DPMO obtained document copies. Filed
with the records is an unaccessioned copy of a DPMO-produced series finding aid titled "Index of Releasable
Documents Related to Korean/Cold War POW/MIA." This index lists documents hierarchically by agency
repository, thereunder by record group or collection title or type of document, and thereunder by the
appropriate subdivisions (records series title, box number, document title). This index is a valuable
finding aid for information on Korean War/Cold War prisoners of war and missing-in-action personnel because
it identifies specific documents by names of correspondents, dates, and subject content (which often
includes the names of specific prisoners of war or missing-in-action personnel). Many of those
documents reside in series described in this reference information paper. However, the index also
identifies and describes other relevant National Archives documents and records series that do not fall
within the scope of this paper.
RECORDS OF TASK FORCE RUSSIA AND THE JOINT COMMISSION SUPPORT DIRECTORATE
RELATING TO WORK OF THE U.S.-RUSSIAN JOINT COMMISSION ON POW/MIAs
II.81 The U.S.-Russian Joint Commission on POW/MIAs was established by the Presidents
of Russia and the United States on March 20, 1992. The commission meets periodically to resolve issues
pertaining to U.S. and Russian civilians and military personnel who, in 1992, were listed as unaccounted-for
prisoners of war or as unaccounted-for missing in action from World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War,
and the Cold War. On June 26, 1992, the Secretary of the Army (by direction of the Secretary of
Defense) created Task Force Russia to serve as executive agent for the joint commission. When DPMO
became the Department of Defense agency contact for POW/MIA affairs in July 1993, Task Force Russia
responsibilities were transferred from the Department of the Army to the DPMO Joint Commission Support
Branch (later known as the Joint Commission Support Directorate). Task Force Russia and the Joint
Commission Support Directorate have assisted the joint commission by gathering and analyzing records located
in both Russia and the United States, interviewing Russian citizens, and cooperating in the preparation of
periodic reports of the commission's work. These reports, along with research document translations,
research analyses, and minutes of commission plenary and working group sessions, are located in the
chronologically arranged reports and verbatim translations prepared for the U.S.-Russian Joint Commission
on POW/MIAs, July 17, 1992-May 1995 (2 ft.).
II.82 The chronologically arranged and numbered Department of Defense press
releases relating to Korean War casualties, June 29, 1950-September 13, 1953 (12 ft.), report casualties
for all components of the armed forces. The releases, which were compiled by the Press Branch, contain
information on individuals who were killed, wounded, or missing in action. Also listed are individuals
who subsequently died of wounds, who were injured, or who died of injuries, and who were initially reported
missing but were later ascertained to have been captured by the enemy or returned to duty. Information
on each individual includes his name and rank, date of casualty, name and address of next of kin, and
occasionally a brief note or account of the circumstances surrounding his casualty status. Releases
issued after July 31, 1950, are formatted alphabetically by state of residence, thereunder by type of
casualty, thereunder by arm of service (Army, Marine Corps, etc.), and thereunder alphabetically by name of
casualty. Prior to that date, the releases do not have a state of residence category.
Immediately preceding the numbered press releases are copies of Press Branch fact sheets, dated August 10
and 11, 1950, that summarize Defense Department policies which governed the reporting and release of
casualty information.
II.83 A duplicate set of all but the first 77 of these press releases can be found in
rolls 2 through 19 of the microfilm copy of press releases and other records relating to Korean War
casualties, [August 28,] 1950-[September 13,] 1953 (Microfilm Publication P2264, 21 rolls [numbered 2
through 22] of 35 mm microfilm). Rolls 20 through 22 of this series contain other records that deal
with American POW/MIA issues, such as press releases, newspaper clippings, a list of sick and wounded
American captives returned by Communist forces to United Nations Command military control in Korea, and
another list of "Men Reported by Reds to Have Died." Roll 1 was never located.
Record
Group 333 - Records of International Military Agencies
RECORDS OF THE UNITED NATIONS COMMAND
II.84 The United Nations Command (UNC), with general headquarters in Tokyo, was
established on July 24, 1950, for the purpose of assisting the Republic of South Korea in repelling the
North Korean invasion that began the Korean War. The Commander in Chief, United Nations Command,
oversaw naval, ground combat, service, and medical operations conducted by the military units of 21 member
nations that fought alongside American forces during the Korean War. Structurally, the United Nations
Command consisted of an advance command (UNC Advance), the UNC Military Armistice Commission (UNCMAC), and
the United Nations Command Repatriation Group (UNCREG). UNC Advance (July 1951-July 27, 1953) was
created to assist in armistice negotiations with the Communist forces of North Korea and the People's
Republic of China. UNCMAC, established on June 20, 1953, provided UNC delegates and administrative
support to the joint Military Armistice Commission created by UNC and Communist forces representatives on
July 27, 1953, for the purpose of implementing the Korean War cease-fire agreement. UNCREG, which
functioned between September 1, 1953, and February 25, 1954, represented the United Nations Command on
matters concerning implementation of those Korean War armistice agreement terms that provided for the care,
treatment, and repatriation of prisoners of war. In that capacity, UNCREG dealt extensively with the
joint Military Armistice Commission, UNC-MAC, and the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission.
II.85 Records of the Secretary, General Staff, Headquarters, United Nations Command
(Advance) include chronologically arranged Korean armistice agreement documents, July 1953 (1 ft.).
This series includes the United Nations Command's copy of the original signed armistice agreement, dated
July 27, 1953, with separate "Temporary Agreement Supplementary to the Armistice Agreement" and map
portfolios. These documents are in three languages--English, Korean, and Chinese--and all are signed
by commanders of the United Nations Command, the Korean People's Army (North Korea), and the Chinese
People's Volunteers (People's Republic of China). This series also includes the original message
received by the Department of the Army from the UNC Commander in Chief announcing the armistice signing at
Panmunjom, Korea, two original maps (one American, the other Russian) denoting the 38th parallel line of
Korean political division agreed to by a joint U.S.-Soviet Union survey team in April 1947, and assorted
correspondence pertaining to the armistice agreements.
II.86 Copies of Korean War Military Armistice Conference agendas, proceedings, meeting
minutes, reports, memorandums, correspondence, maps, and other records that document negotiations on
conference agenda item 4 (POW issues) can be found in the following series:
- Korean armistice negotiations records, June 1951-July 1953 (7 ft.). Military Armistice
Conference records maintained by the Secretariat, United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission.
- Security-classified Korean armistice negotiations records, July 1951-July 1953 (9 ft.).
Military Armistice Conference records maintained by the Secretary, General Staff, Headquarters, United
Nations Command (Advance). Declassified portions of this series appear on Microfilm Publication
T1152. (See item 6 below.)
- Minutes of meetings [number 1 through 55] of subdelegates for agenda item 4 on prisoners of war,
December 11, 1951-February 6, 1952 (1 ft.). Military Armistice Conference records maintained by
the Secretary, General Staff, Headquarters, United Nations Command (Advance).
- Minutes of meetings of the Military Armistice Commission, July 28, 1953-February 13, 1981 (9
ft. and 8 rolls of 35 mm microfilm). Military Armistice Commission records maintained by the
Secretariat, United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission. The series includes paper copies
of minutes for all Military Armistice Commission meetings (numbered 1-405) between July 28, 1953 and
February 13, 1981. There are microfilm copies of meeting minutes for the period July 28, 1953,
through December 30, 1964.
- Formerly security-classified armistice implementation records, 1951-57 (7 ft.), also maintained
by the UNCMAC Secretariat, and arranged alphabetically by subject. This series includes a 56-page
study of "Communist Utilization of POWs" compiled in January 1953 by the G-2 staff of the U.S. Army
Forces, Far East (Advance) (filed under that title as subject heading), and a March 13, 1953, U.S. 8th
Army operations plan for Operation Little Switch (filed under the subject Little Switch). Under the
subject heading "POW," there is a two-volume "Plan for Coordination, Supervision and Negotiation [of the
Military Armistice Commission plan for POW repatriation]" (dated January 15, 1953), prepared by the United
Nations Command Committee for Repatriation of Prisoners of War. Also filed under "POW" is a copy of
the "Standing Operating Procedure for Intelligence Processing and De Briefing of Recovered Navy and Marine
Corps Prisoners of War," as distributed in April 1953 by the Intelligence Section of the Office of the
Commander, Naval Forces Far East. Other documents in the "POW" subject files include some 1953
correspondence between United Nations Command officials and American citizens relating to efforts by
United Nations Command negotiators to secure information from Communist negotiators at the Korean War
armistice talks about unaccounted for POWs, and an undated, 1:250,000-scale map of named and numbered
Communist POW camps situated in the northwestern quarter of North Korea.
- [Microfilmed records of] United Nations Command Korean armistice negotiations, 1951-53
(Microfilm Publication T1152), 11 rolls of 35 mm microfilm. This series consists of filmed,
unclassified documents from series item 2 listed above.
II.87 These six Record Group 333 series largely duplicate records found in the Record
Group 319 Korean armistice negotiations files, 1951-58. (See para. II.72.)
However, it is possible that one series may contain copies of documents (such as meeting minutes and
proceedings) that do not exist in another. And, even where copies of the same basic document exist in
two or more series, these two documents may differ because one contains a substantive annotation of
evidential or historical significance while the other one does not. At present, all of the Record
Group 333 cease-fire negotiation series described above, except item 2, are open to public research.
Other records relating to work of the Military Armistice Conference and the United Nations Command Military
Armistice Commission are described in Records of the United Nations Command, Adjutant General Section,
(paragraph II.90).
II.88 The UNCMAC Logistics and Liaison Division general administrative file, June
1953-June 1957 (7 ft.), consists of subject-arranged correspondence, reports, messages, memorandums,
journals, and other documents pertaining to service, supply, and liaison functions exercised by UNCMAC
during the post armistice period. The records include some information on the repatriation and
rehabilitation of prisoners of war and the exchange of sick and wounded.
II.89 Other records that provide information on the repatriation of all Korean War
prisoners of war in accordance with armistice provisions can be found in the UNCREG Adjutant General's
administrative decimal file, September 1, 1953-February 1954 (2 ft.), which is arranged within yearly
blocks according to the War Department decimal file scheme. The most useful documents within this
series are reports issues by the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, and correspondence between UNCREG
and the Commission on armistice agreement implementation, interpretations, disputes, and violations.
All of these documents are located under the yearly 383.6 decimal designation.
RECORDS OF THE UNITED NATIONS COMMAND, ADJUTANT GENERAL SECTION
II.90 The security-classified UNC Adjutant General's general administrative file,
1951-55 (46 ft.) contains correspondence, messages, reports, and other records that document various
United Nations Command policies and program functions. The series is basically divided into yearly
segments that consist of "decimal file," "confidential decimal file," and "secret decimal file" sections.
Records are arranged in these sections according to the War Department decimal scheme. There are,
however, no "confidential decimal file" and "secret decimal file" sections for the 1951 and 1952 segments.)
Decimal file 387.2 "Terminating War, Treaties" (all sections) includes about 9 feet of reports,
proceedings, and other records generated by Korean War Military Armistice Conference delegates, UNCMAC
staff, and members of various Joint International Red Cross teams that, between 1951 and 1955, participated
in negotiating and implementing terms of the Korean War armistice agreement. These records are
significant because Military Armistice Conference delegates focused a great deal of attention on POW/MIA
issues. Reports of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, which managed the implementation of
Korean War armistice agreements pertaining to POW repatriation, can be found among the records in file
883.6 "Prisoners of War" (all sections) (ca. 2 ft.). File 383.6 also contains a few records
pertaining to American voluntary nonrepatriate POWs, including correspondence, memorandums, and other
records that illuminate Army policy governing the requests of relatives to visit with their voluntary
nonrepatriate sons, brothers, or husbands in Korea. There are also copies of letters written by
several voluntary nonrepatriates in 1953 to relatives and various American newspapers. In these
letters, the voluntary nonrepatriates explain their political views and decisions to reside in the People's
Republic of China after the armistice agreement. File 383.6 records pertaining to voluntary
nonrepatriates are located in all sections of the 1953 segment. File 383.6 (1953-55 segments,
all sections) also includes correspondence between the United Nations Command and the Department of the Army
pertaining to the progress and effectiveness of discussions about unaccounted-for United Nations Command
prisoners of war with North Korean officials.
II.91 Additional records in the 383.6 files include a copy of the final report
of the Joint Classification Board on Operation Little Switch, issued on or about June 17, 1953, by
the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (J-2) of the Far East Command. This report summarizes
POWS debriefing and intelligence analysis responsibilities of the Joint Classification Board, general
psychiatric findings from POW debriefings, various legal issues raised in the course of these interviews,
and recommendations for further action. This report can be found in file 383.6 (declassified)
of the "secret decimal file" section of the 1953 segment. File 383.6 of the "confidential
decimal file" section (1955 segment, box 98) contains a message copy of the "Revised List of 450 American
Personnel Missing in Korea as of 28 July 1955," as transmitted from the Department of the Army to the United
Nations Command in November 1955. This list refers to 450 American servicemen not accounted for by
Communist forces (as of July 28, 1955) but about whom U.S. officials had some evidence (eyewitness account,
documentary evidence, etc.) suggesting that they might have been, at one time, in Communist custody during
the Korean War. A few messages and some correspondence listing unaccounted-for American Korean War
POWs by name, rank, and serial number (and including references to named eyewitness testimony or documentary
evidence that placed specific POWs in North Korean captivity) can be found in declassified file 383.6
of the "secret decimal file" section of the 1954 segment, box 78.
Record Group 335 - Records of the Office of the Secretary of the Army
GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE FILES AND INDEXES
II.92 Information about Korean War/Cold War POW/MIA issues can be found in two series:
the Secretary of the Army's unclassified general correspondence, July 1947-December 1964 (627 ft.),
and security classified general correspondence, July 1947-December 1964 (387 ft.). Each series
is divided into the following chronological segments: July 1947-December 1950; January 1951-January 1953;
January 1953-December 1956; January 1957-December 1960; and January 1961-December 1964. In both
series, each chronological segment is divided into a "numerical files" section (under which documents are
arranged according to the War Department decimal classification scheme), and a "project files" section
(which is subdivided alphabetically by subject categories, under which records are arranged according to the
War Department decimal classification number, and then by date of document). Few records within the
security-classified correspondence have been declassified, so research access to documents within that
series is usually restricted.
II.93 Both series include correspondence, memorandums, and official statements that
illustrate Army policies for compiling, evaluating, and reporting Korean War casualty statistics, which
included categories for soldiers listed as missing in action. See July 1947-December 1950 segments,
"numerical files" sections, decimal file 704 "Casualties, Wounded, and Wounds."
II.94 In 1955 the Department of Defense established an internal Defense Advisory Committee
on Prisoners of War to make recommendations on interservice Code of Conduct training, on the equitable
treatment of repatriated prisoners of war, and on the protection and recovery of POWs still held by
Communist countries. Reports and formal presentation scripts of the advisory committee can be found in
decimal file 383.6 "Prisoners of War" of the "numerical files" section, January 1953-December 1956
segment, security-classified correspondence. Other records in that specific 383.6 file include
Department of the Army procedures outlining the Army's role in repatriating 11 Air Force B-29 crew members
who were detained in the People's Republic of China until 1955 after their aircraft, commanded by Col. John
K. Arnold Jr., was shot down in proximity to the border between Manchuria and North Korea on January 12,
1953. In addition, that file contains Army responses to requests for information on American prisoners
of war reportedly held by Communist countries, and Department of the Army contingency instructions for
receiving and processing any of the 21 American voluntary nonrepatriates from the Korean War who might seek
repatriation to the United States.
II.95 Following the Korean War, Army training began to reflect an emphasis on lessons
learned from the experiences of American prisoners of war in Communist captivity. Much of what Army
interrogators and researchers learned from the returning POWs appeared in Army instruction manuals that
contained sections on escape and evasion, Communist interrogation and indoctrination techniques, and
practical resistance to enemy persuasion. A sample of these manuals can be found in decimal file
383.6, "numerical files" section, January 1957-December 1960 segment, security-classified
correspondence.
II.96 Other files in these two series include lists of unaccounted for Korean War POWs,
correspondence and reports pertaining to a few of the cases involving Army prisoners of war who were
captured by North Korea following the cease-fire agreement, Army instructions for POW repatriation during
the Korean War, records relating to Army prosecution of repatriated Korean War POWs charged with misconduct
or collaboration, and correspondence and memorandums that deal with attempts by the Army to acquire
information about unaccounted-for prisoners of war and missing-in-action personnel from the Korean War.
Information on these subjects can be found under several file designations, but mostly in the "numerical
files" under 383.6. Other locations include the "project files" sections ("Foreign
Countries-Russia," 383.6 decimal files, and "Foreign Countries-Korea," 383.6 decimal files) of both
series.
II.97 The index for specific documents in the unclassified correspondence is the
microfilmed series of cross-reference sheets to the correspondence of the Office of the Secretary of the
Army, 1947-64 (National Archives Microfilm Publication M1101), 485 rolls of 35mm microfilm. The
cross-reference sheets are divided into the following chronological segments: July 1947-June 1949; June
1949-December 1950; January 1951-January 1953; January 1953-December 1954; and in 2-year time periods
thereafter. Each chronological segment is then divided into a "numerical files" section and a "project
files" section. Cross-reference sheets for the "numerical files" are arranged by War Department
decimal classification number; "project files" sheets are arranged alphabetically by subject, thereunder by
subtopic, then by decimal classification number, and finally by date of document. The filmed sheets
include the document's primary decimal number (upper left corner), decimal numbers for other copies of the
cross-reference sheet, the names of a document's originator and recipients, date of document and ate of
receipt, subject and brief summary of contents, and notations concerning enclosures and document
disposition. Copies of the original cross-reference sheets are also housed with the unclassified
correspondence.
II.98 The identically arranged and structured top secret cross-reference sheets for
security classified general correspondence, 1953-62 (8 ft.), and cross-reference sheets to security
classified general correspondence, 1947-64 (82 ft.), provide access to the security-classified
correspondence.
Record Group
338 - Records of U.S. Army Commands, 1942-
RECORDS OF HEADQUARTERS, FAR EAST COMMAND (FEC),
SUPREME COMMANDER FOR THE ALLIED POWERS (SCAP)
AND THE UNITED NATIONS COMMAND
RECORDS OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL SECTION, OPERATIONS DIVISION
II.99 The Operations Division general correspondence, 1949-52 (164 ft.), and
secret general correspondence, 1947-52 (203 ft.), are important sources of information about Korean War
POWs. Each of these series is arranged by year, thereunder according to the War Department decimal
file system, and thereunder generally in reverse chronological order.
II.100 Within both series, yearly records accumulations in two specific decimal locations
pertain directly to Korean War POWs/MIAs. Decimal file 383.6 "Prisoners of War" includes copies
of some reports issued by the North Korean Government that provide the names and locations of its newly
established or disestablished camps for U.N. Command POWs. Records located in decimal file 383.6
of the secret general correspondence, 1947-52, convey information about the experiences of
American POWs in captivity and Army efforts to secure their release. There are, for example, reports
relating to the treatment of U.N. Command POWs by their Communist captors, and Department of the Army
instructions that governed the interrogation of returned American POWs.
II.101 The 704 "Casualties, Wounded, and Wounds" decimal files within both
series provide more detailed information on individual American POWs and MIA personnel. These files
include lists, teletype messages, and forms that provide the name, rank, and serial number of individual
POWs and sometimes also a brief description of the combat circumstances that led to the capture or
disappearance of a particular serviceman. Some of these records cite the date and place of capture or
disappearance of specific individuals, along with the names and service numbers of those who witnessed his
capture, last combat action, or status in captivity.
II.102 From 1947 through June 1952, the Adjutant General prepared yearly registers for
each category of decimal records. These registers, generally one for every decimal file folder,
identify each document in reverse chronological order, listing (for every document entry) the name of
sender, date, name of recipient, a contents synopsis, and a document item ("serial") number.
RECORDS OF HEADQUARTERS, U.S. ARMY FORCES, FAR EAST (USAFFE)
RECORDS OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL SECTION
II.103 The USAFFE Adjutant General's general correspondence, 1952-57 (377 ft.),
contains numerous records relating to Korean War POWs/MIAs. The series is arranged by year and
thereunder according to the War Department decimal system. Decimal file 383.6 "Prisoners of
War" documents include POW interrogation reports that focus on war atrocities, annotated copies of the
"Master List of Unaccounted for U.N. Personnel" that show changes in a POW or MIA serviceman's casualty
status based on live sightings or documentary evidence, lists of U.S. POWs released to U.N. control, and
procedural correspondence listing names of participants in a 1956 survey the Army conducted to measure
attitudes of Korean War POWs toward interservice Code of Conduct training. There is also some
intradepartmental Army correspondence pertaining to problems associated with the trial of repatriated POWs
for post capture offenses.
II.104 File 704 "Casualties, Wounded, and Wounds" in yearly segments
incorporates various records that provide the name, rank, and service number of many Korean War POWs and
MIAs and sometimes additional information about the combat circumstances that led to the capture or
disappearance of a particular serviceman.
II.105 Registers of unclassified general correspondence, 1953-55 (10 ft.), arranged by
year and thereunder according to the War Department decimal filing system, provide important information
about individual documents within the general correspondence, including the name of sender, date,
name of recipient, a contents synopsis, and a document item ("serial") number.
RECORDS OF THE CASUALTY DIVISION, ADJUTANT GENERAL SECTION
II.106 During the years of combat in Korea, the Casualty Division of the Adjutant
General's Section gathered, analyzed, and disseminated information on United Nations Command prisoners of
war and missing-in-action personnel. A number of small but important records series maintained by the
division demonstrate efforts made by the military to determine the fate of MIA servicemen, monitor the
status and treatment of captured American POWs, and track their movements from one detention locale to
another. These series also illustrate the voluminous body of evidence gathered and utilized by
American military authorities in their attempts to account for Korean War servicemen listed as missing in
action.
II.107 The series of affidavits and related records pertaining to former prisoners
of war, 1950-53 (3 in.), contains lists of POWs whose names (or statements) were either broadcast by
government radio stations in North Korea or the People's Republic of China, or whose names (or statements)
appeared in publications of those countries. This series also includes affidavits of returned POWs
whose surnames began with the letter "J" through "W" only. (Affidavits for POWs whose surnames begin
with the letters A-I and X-Z were apparently not received by the Office of the National Archives with this
accession.) These affidavits usually provide the POW's name, rank, and service number, information on
his capture, and his statements on the identity, health, status, and location of other POWs that he had
known or knew about. Other documents in this series include lists, photograph facsimiles, propaganda
pamphlets, and newspaper clippings that the Army used along with the above mentioned affidavits to identify
and determine the status of POWs. The Textual Reference Branch of the National Archives at College
Park maintains a box and folder list for this series.
II.108 Transcripts and related records pertaining to Radio Peking broadcasts made by U.S.
prisoners of war, 1951-53 (9 in.), consist mainly of copies of U.S. foreign Broadcast Information Bureau
transcripts and summaries of statements or messages pertaining to or broadcast by American POWs over Radio
Peking. These messages, also known as the "Peking Intercepts," were recorded at North Korean POW camps
by representatives of the Chinese Peace Committee and then broadcast over Radio Peking. Broadcast
messages were subsequently transcribed by the Japanese Liaison Section of the Office of the Assistant Chief
of Staff, J-2 within the Far East Command. Each transcript contains the date of broadcast, the date of
transcription, and the name, address, and message of the POW. Also included is the 1951 master file of
the "Peking Intercepts," which consists of transcripts, memorandums, and forms relating to the verification
of POW status from the messages. The Textual Reference Branch of the National Archives at College Park
maintains a box and folder list for this series.
II.109 The series of returnee reports and related records pertaining to the death
of captured military personnel, 1953 (2 in.), is largely a collection of standard reports (AFFE Form
545) produced by Army personnel after interviewing repatriated American prisoners of war for information
about the deaths of other POWs in captivity. The report forms contain blocks for the following
information on each deceased prisoner of war: name; rank; service number; branch of service; whether or not
the death was witnessed; source of information on death; date, place, and cause of death; date and place of
burial; source of information on burial; date and place of capture; length of time the returnee knew the POW
before death; types of identification buried with the body; and information on the deceased individual's
family. These forms also identify the name, rank, service number, and unit of the returnee who
completed the form, along with the name of the place where he filled it out and the date of completion.
In addition, the series contains letters of transmittal and lists of POWs believed to be dead. The
lists include the name, rank, service number, status, and date of known status for each POW. Some of
the lists were smuggled out of enemy POW camps by returning prisoners of war. Forms and lists in this
series relate only to U.S. Navy, Marine, and Air Force personnel. The Textual Reference Branch of the
National Archives at College Park maintains a box and folder list for this series.
II.110 Interrogation reports of personnel returned to military control in Operation
Little Switch ("exchange processing orders"), 1953 (10 in.), also provide detailed, mostly
eyewitness information about United Nations Command prisoners of war from the Korean War who died in
captivity. The series consists of two types of reports of debriefings of U.S. prisoners of war from
the Korean War who had been returned to U.S. military control during Operation Little Switch.. Each
report, known as an "exchange processing order," includes the date of interview, date of interrogation, and
the name of the testifying POW along with his rank, service number, and unit. Most of the reports also
consist of a narrative section that provides details of the interviewee's testimony about the death of one
or more POWs. Such information might consist of the deceased's name; the date, cause, and place of his
death; place of burial; and a description of his personal effects. Testimony occasionally extended to
the deceased's date of capture and other facts that would have assisted military authorities in identifying
and recovering his remains. Returnees frequently did not know the rank, service number, or service
branch of individuals they mentioned in interrogation. In many cases, such details were annotated onto
the reports at a later date. As these interviews were being conducted, United Nations Command
officials suspected that North Korea and the People's Republic of China had not returned all allied POWs
eligible for repatriation in Operation Little Switch. For that reason, many interviewees were
asked to provide information about all other POWs that they knew or about whom they had some knowledge.
Interview reports reveal that interrogators were especially interested in those POWs that the interviewee
believed would not be released. The reports also focus on the returnees recollections of POW
mistreatment by enemy personnel. The questioning of American POWs exchanged in Operation Little
Switch occurred at two locations: Tokyo Army Hospital and the U.S. Army Hospital of the 8167th Army
Unit. This series contains a set of feeder reports from each of these sources (both arranged by name
of hospital, and thereunder sequentially by repatriated POW register number) along with another set of
reports that appear to be compilations of the feeder reports (arranged sequentially by POW register number).
The Textual Reference Branch of the National Archives at College Park maintains a list of reports and a list
of POWs repatriated in Operation Little Switch.
II.111 The Casualty Division also maintained lists and rosters of United Nations Command
military personnel categorized as POWs or missing in action. These records appear in the following
series: Communist prisoner of war rosters, 1951-53 (5 in.); roster and related records pertaining
to personnel missing in action, 1951-54 (5 in.); Korean War casualty rosters, 1953 (6 in.); and
rosters and related records pertaining to personnel missing in action, 1951-54 (5 in.). The
Textual Reference Branch of the National Archives at College Park maintains folder lists for all of these
series.
II.112 Rosters and lists in these series are usually created or kept for specific
purposes, such as tracking and updating the status of prisoners of war and servicemen classified as missing
in action, or listing POWs and MIA status personnel by category. There are, for example, lists that
name recently identified POWs [ca. 1951-54], rosters of prisoners of war that cite the camps in which they
were interned, rosters of POWs scheduled for repatriation, and lists of prisoners of war who were
repatriated or--in some cases--not repatriated. Within these series there are also copies of lists and
rosters of United Nations Command missing-in-action personnel who were later identified as POWs or combat
fatalities, who were witnessed by repatriated POWs, or whose names were never reported by Communist military
authorities. Other lists and rosters identify United Nations Command prisoners of war and
missing-in-action personnel by country of origin or branch of service. These lists and rosters were
working records created by United Nations Command and Communist forces units that were involved in
prisoner-of-war exchanges conducted by both sides in 1953. Many of the lists and rosters are annotated
to reflect changes in POW or MIA status that resulted from evidence and testimony gathered by United Nations
Command personnel during repatriation operations. Consequently, these rosters and lists provide
valuable documentation of what United Nations Command military officials knew about allied POW and MIA
personnel at specific times and places in the repatriation process up to 1954. However, because of
their contemporary nature, these records do not represent a final and definitive status "accounting" of
allied POW and MIA personnel in the Korean War.
II.113 The series titled after-action report and daily logs of the repatriated
personnel processing team, [ca. Aug.-Sept. 1953] (4 in.), includes records that detail activities of two
repatriated personnel processing centers operated by the 8059th and the 8167th U.S. Army Units. There
are, for example, daily statistical reports that list, by nationality, the number of personnel received and
repatriated at each processing center and the number of individuals evacuated to Japan by air. There
are also unit daily logs, and daily processing recapitulations that contain the name, rank, service number,
arrival date, records status, departure date, and destination of returnees. In addition, there is an
8167th Army Unit after-action report that includes repatriation operations plans, evacuation orders for
repatriates, and returnee hospital admission and disposition reports that cite the name, rank, service
number, unit, and dates in captivity for each repatriated serviceman. The Textual Reference Branch of
the National Archives at College Park maintains a box and folder list for this series.
II.114 Correspondence of the Casualty Division relating to Department of the Army reports
of death, 1951-53 (1 in.), includes copies of correspondence between the Department of the Army, the
Commander in Chief, Far East, and the 8th U.S. Army that focus on Army deliberations or decisions to
reclassify some Korean War servicemen from "missing in action" to "dead" under provisions of the Missing
Persons Act. This correspondence lists MIA personnel by name, rank, service number, service branch,
and date of death for each individual. The Textual Reference Branch of the National Archives at
College Park maintains a box and folder list for this series.
II.115 Correspondence of the Casualty Division relating to returned personnel casualty
questionnaires, 1953-54 (4 in.), contains copies of lists that provide the name, rank, and service
number of all repatriated POWs who had completed and returned casualty questionnaires. Copies of each
list and the questionnaires were sent to either the 8204th Army Unit (Graves Registration Service) or to the
U.S. Army Adjutant General to assist in the determination, location, and identification of American
casualties. This series does not include copies of the returned casualty questionnaires.
II.116 Incoming and outgoing radio messages of the Casualty Division, 1950-53 (1 in.),
consist of teletype correspondence between the United Nations Command, Far East Command, U.s. 8th Army, and
Department of the Army pertaining mostly to repatriated American prisoners of war, but also to other
Americans listed as prisoners of war and as missing in action throughout the Korean War.
II.117 General correspondence of the Casualty Division, 1950-54 (1 in.), includes
extracts from Communist propaganda leaflets that featured statements by U.S. prisoners of war, Department of
the Army instructions on the reporting of POW status and statistical information, a few messages pertaining
to the status of specific individuals listed as prisoners of war or missing in action, and some background
correspondence on the repatriation of United Nations Command prisoners of war during Operations Little
Switch and Big Switch in 1953. The Textual Reference Branch of the National Archives at
College Park maintains a box and folder list for this series.
II.118 General records of the Casualty Division, 1950-54 (9 in.), include summaries of
interviews with returned or repatriated POWs conducted by the Central Interrogation Center, 8238th Army Unit
(Translator and Interpreter Service), Far East command. The summaries provide information about other
POWs whom the interviewee had seen or known about, where he saw them, and when or whether he had witnessed
or heard about their deaths. Many of the summaries relate to POWs who were not released or to
voluntary repatriates. This series also includes extracts of interrogations of escaped American POWs
conducted by U.S. 8th Army Intelligence (G-2) interviewers in May 1951. Other records consist of lists
compiled by either Communist or U.S. military authorities of United Nations Command personnel who were known
to have died in enemy captivity, rosters (and some debriefing reports) of POW returnees interrogated in the
course of Operations Little Switch and Big Switch, lists of American POW radio broadcasts on
Radio Peking, lists of "atrocity" cases (1952-53), lists of letters received by family members from POWs
(which confirmed the POW status of personnel originally listed as missing in action), and a few captioned
photographs of POWs held in North Korea, 1951-52. The Textual Reference Branch of the National
Archives at College Park maintains a box and folder list for this series.
RECORDS OF THE PROVOST MARSHAL SECTION
II.119 Files of the Office of the Provost Marshal include change of casualty status
reports relating to U.S. and U.N. military personnel held as prisoners of war, 1950-52 (5 in.).
This series consists principally of copies of Far East Command "Change of Casualty Status" forms, which list
the name, rank, and service number of personnel initially classified as missing in action but who were
subsequently identified as prisoners of war. Also noted on each status form is the location of the
camp in which the prisoner of war was being held, the source of information on the POW's status, and the
date he was listed as missing in action. These forms are usually accompanied by copies of records that
document the change in status (e.g., a POW's correspondence with his family, broadcast message, etc.).
This series also includes some correspondence between the Far East Command and POW relatives who requested
information about the location and condition of specific captured servicemen.
II.120 Another Provost Marshal series, miscellaneous records of the Prisoner of War
Division, 1951-54 (5 inches), includes newspaper clippings that deal with POW repatriation, annotated
summaries of interviews conducted in December 1950 with ex-POWs and United Nations Command soldiers
pertaining to the identity and status of United Nations Command POWs and servicemen listed as missing in
action, and a draft copy of the United Nations Command report titled "Special Report to the United Nations
Relative to the United Nations Prisoners of War in the Hands of the Enemy" (December 1951). The
Textual Reference Branch of the National Archives at College Park maintains a box and folder list for this
series.
II.121 United Nations Command and Far East Command prisoner of war rosters, 1950-51 (5
in.), consist of POW rosters and related correspondence generated by the Office of the Assistant Chief of
Staff for Intelligence (J-2) of the Far East Command, the International Committee of the Red Cross, and the
Provost Marshal offices of both the Far East Command and the United Nations Command. The rosters give
the name, rank, serial number, unit, and proposed status of confirmed and unconfirmed United Nations and
United States prisoners of war. In addition, some cite dates of capture, confirmation of death,
escape, or liberation, and the sources of information used to determine status. Also included are
rosters of confirmed and unconfirmed prisoners of war who were classified as atrocity victims.
RECORDS OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE SECTION
II.122 Throughout the Korean War, Army intelligence and legal specialists investigated
charges and evidence of atrocities and war crimes committed by Communist forces upon United Nations Command
personnel. This effort began early in the hostilities, with reports of numerous deaths and executions
of United Nations Command POWs held by the North Korean Army. As the conflict continued, U.S. Army war
crimes inquiries extended to other allegations of criminal activity, brutality, and inhumane treatment
inflicted by Communist officials upon United Nations Command prisoners of war, including POW murders and
beatings; poor POW camp nutritional and sanitation conditions; prisoner interrogations that relied upon
physical torture and psychological manipulation; ruthless indoctrination techniques; and involuntary medical
experimentation utilizing POWs as subjects. Many of these charges are documented in case files of
the War Crimes Branch, 1951-ca 1953 (5 in.), a collection of POW interrogation summaries maintained and
annotated by the USAFFE Judge Advocate General. The summaries provide the name, rank, service number,
and unit of the interrogated individual, date and place of his capture, name and unit of those with whom he
was captured, and names of other prisoners of war or missing-in-action personnel that the interviewee
identified in his testimony or affidavit. This series also includes lists of U.S. military personnel
who were mentioned as atrocity victims in POW testimony and affidavits. These lists, arranged
alphabetically by case file number, correlate alleged atrocity victims with the names of witnesses.
Information in this series should be compared with interrogations filed in the previously described series
of Operation Big Switch interrogation reports, 1953-54 (See paragraph II.39).
RECORDS OF THE U.S. ARMY, PACIFIC (USARPAC)
MILITARY HISTORY OFFICE
II.123 The organizational history files, 1946-73 (141 ft.), of the U.S. Army,
Pacific (USARPAC) Military History Office is a collection of monographs, studies, reports, after-action
interviews, general orders, unit histories, officer biographies, operations summaries, issuances, and other
records pertaining to or produced by various military jurisdictions and units subordinate to the U.S. Army,
Pacific Command. Most of these records are arranged generally by type of record and thereunder
chronologically. The unit histories, however, are arranged numerically by unit jurisdiction.
Within this series, there are a few studies, statistical records, and publicity releases that relate to
Korean War POW conduct, treatment in captivity, release, and repatriation. Box 46 contains a study by
Julius Segal titled Factors Related to the Collaboration and Resistance Behavior of U.S. Army PW's in
Korea (106 pp.), published by the George Washington University Human Resources Research Office in
December 1956. The Army contracted this report to assist in the improvement of its training courses in
POW resistance. Box 47 includes the 1955 report titled POW: The Fight Continues After the Battle
(82 pp.), published by the Secretary of Defense's Advisory Committee on Prisoners of War. After
reviewing the experiences of American POWs during the Korean War, this committee proposed a new interservice
Code of Conduct for POWs along with improved training in captive survival and resistance for all American
military personnel. The committee also suggested a review of all court-martial sentences imposed on
returned American POWs from the Korean War. Two folders in box 85 contain information that pertains to
United Nations Command prisoners of war. Specific documents within these folders include the
following: Far East Command and United Nations Command Public Information Office publicity releases
concerning the proposed wording for armistice agreements that dealt with POW issues; lists of military
personnel and civilians who United Nations Command officials believed were being held by Communist forces;
records relating to the release, care, and transportation of United Nations Command prisoners of war; and a
sketch map and lists of POW camps maintained by Communist forces in North Korea. Box 87 contains daily
worksheet numerical lists of Americans who were repatriated in August and September 1953 (Operation Big
Switch) in accordance with terms of the various POW joint exchange provisions of the Korean War
armistice agreement. These lists, compiled in August and September 1953, provide daily statistical
counts of repatriated American military personnel, broken down by branch of service (Army, Navy, Air Force,
Marines), and thereunder for the Army by the name of the tactical unit. No names appear on any of
these lists. A series box and folder list is maintained by the Textual Reference Branch of the
National Archives at College Park.
II.124 The USARPAC Military History Office also maintained the classified organizational
history files (145 ft.). This series, arranged generally by name of military unit and thereunder
usually in alphabetical order by document title, consists of security-classified studies, reports,
after-action interviews, general orders, unit histories, officer biographies, operations summaries, and
other records pertaining to or produced by various military jurisdictions and units subordinate to the U.S.
Army, Pacific Command. Box 101 of this series includes "A Study of Repatriation, U.S. Military
Personnel, 25 September 1953" (42 pp.), the Far East Command. The purpose of this study was to
evaluate Communist forces compliance with those provisions of the Korean War armistice agreement that
governed joint POW repatriation operations. The study includes an "amendment" of October 6, 1953, and
various lists of U.S. POWs who had not been repatriated as of September 25, 1953. These lists were
hand-annotated to show military personnel whose names subsequently appeared on lists prepared by Communist
authorities, or who were later turned over to the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission. There is an
index for the classified organizational history files that lists series documents by the name of
producing or subject USARPAC unit. The Textual Reference Branch of the National Archives at College
Park also maintains a box and folder list for this series.
RECORDS OF U.S. ARMY FORCES STRIKE COMMAND
22D U.S. ARMY PRISONER OF WAR/CIVILIAN INTERNEE INFORMATION CENTER
II.125 The 22d U.S. Army Prisoner of War/Civilian Internee Information Center
collected a number of documents that relate to American military personnel who were listed as prisoners of
war or as missing in action from World War II through the Vietnam War. These records are organized
into three series: unclassified records, ca. 1939-ca. 1976 (22 ft.); declassified "confidential"
records, ca. 1944-ca. 1973 (15 ft.); and declassified "secret" records, ca. 1950-ca. 1975 (1
ft.). Reports and studies within these series focus on such topics ad the conduct, treatment,
interrogation, and indoctrination of American POWs during the Korean War; POW resistance to Communist
interrogation and indoctrination; the U.S. Army's performance of its POW repatriation responsibilities
during Operations Little Switch and Big Switch; United Nations Command administration of POW
programs and camps; development of an American interservice Code of Conduct following the Korean War; and
the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, August 12, 1949. Other records
include lists of United Nations Command servicemen classified as POWs and MIA during the Korean War; lists,
correspondence, and newspaper clippings pertaining to United Nations Command military personnel who were not
accounted for during the Korean War; reports and other records prepared by the Neutral Nations Repatriation
Commission; and copies of the Korean War armistice agreement, with supplements. Considered as a whole,
these records provide a detailed contemporary picture of what U.S. and allied military leaders were learning
from the Korean War about such topics as: international law and prisoners of war; POW treatment, welfare,
interrogation, and indoctrination; and the need for training of military personnel in POW survival and
resistance.
II.126 Each of these three series is arranged by The Army Functional Filing System (TAFFS)
number, thereunder generally by "war" (e.g., World War II, Korean, or Vietnam), thereunder roughly
alphabetically by subject, and thereunder chronologically by date of document. Box and folder lists
for all three of these series are maintained by the Textual Reference Branch of the National Archives at
College Park.
Record Group 340 -
Records of the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force
II.127 During the Cold War and the Korean War, the U.S. Air Force dealt with numerous
issues that arose from Communist treatment of American prisoners of war and from the conduct of specific
POWs in captivity. On December 31, 1953, the Department of Defense reported that 224 Air Force
personnel had been captured by Communist forces during the Korean War. [9]
[Footnote 9: Paul Cole cites this figure in POW/MIA Issues: Volume 1, The Korean War, p.
17 (Table 2.3). The same Department of Defense statistical table shows a total of 926 Air Force
military personnel reported as missing in action during the course of the Korean War.]
In addition, most Cold War POWs/MIAs were either Air Force or Navy pilots and crew. Following
combat operations in Korea, Air Force officials cooperated with other service representatives and the
Department of Defense in devising policies, training programs, and administrative procedures to cope with
such issues as the effects of Communist indoctrination on captured American personnel; alleged Air Force POW
misconduct or collaboration with the enemy; return of those American POWs who were detained as political
prisoners by the People's Republic of China after the Korean War cease-fire agreement; the need to account
for missing-in-action personnel not reported by Communist forces; and various POW compensation proposals
enacted by Congress for repatriated Korean War POWs. In the course of addressing these issues, Air
Force officials worked with the Army, Department of Defense policy makers, Congress, the public, and the
Foreign Claims Settlement Commission on various programs and proposals. Air Force correspondence with
these agencies is located in the Secretary of the Air Force's security classified general correspondence
(decimal files), 1947-54 (693 ft.). This series is divided into chronological segments (November
1947-June 1948; July 1948-December 1949; 1950; 1951; 1953; 1953; 1954). Chronological segments for the
years 1951 through 1954 consist of two sections: "confidential and unclassified decimal files"; and "secret
decimal files." Within the chronological segments (November 1947-1950) or sections (1951-54), records
are arranged according to the War Department decimal filing scheme. Only a few files in this series
have been declassified.
II.128 Declassified records pertaining to POWs and POW/MIA issues are located under decimal
file 383.6 "Prisoners of War" of the "confidential and unclassified decimal file, 1954." This
file includes correspondence and other records that illustrate the work of the Air Force on various
Department of Defense committees that were formed after the Korean War to overhaul the training of American
service personnel in appropriate POW conduct and in resistance to enemy indoctrination. Other records
in this file include Air Force correspondence with the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission pertaining to
the payment of compensation to American prisoners of war as prescribed by Public Law 83-615; correspondence
between the Air Force and Congress that focuses on Air Force board of inquiry investigations, procedures,
and findings pertaining to repatriated Air Force POWs accused of collaboration with the enemy or misconduct
while in captive status; and correspondence, lists, reports, and other records that identify American POWs
detained by Communist China for alleged war crimes after the Korean War armistice agreement (these records
relate mostly to the detained B-29 crew of Col. John K. Arnold, Jr.). The file also contains
correspondence between the Air Force and Congress that describes how the Air Force reached presumptive
findings of death for unrecovered personnel (wartime MIA personnel and crew members of aircraft shot down in
various Cold War incidents), and teletype messages that provide the name, rank, and serial number of air
Force prisoners of war repatriated during the Korean War.
II.129 Decimal file 383.6 of the security-classified "confidential and unclassified
decimal file, 1953" includes a declassified photograph of American POWs from the Korean War marching through
the streets of Seoul in the summer of 1950.
Record Group 341 - Records of Headquarters U.S. Air Force (Air Staff)
RECORDS OF THE DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF, OPERATIONS (DCSO)-
OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR OF PLANS
II.130 Following the establishment of an independent Department of the Air Force in
1947, many Air Force staff offices (including the Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations) continued to maintain
central decimal files and project decimal files arranged according to the War Department
decimal filing system. (NOTE: To assist NARA staff and researchers in identifying DCSO records series,
bracketed references to NARA finding aid "entry" numbers immediately follow the boldface DCSO series title
line. In addition, narrative descriptions include citations to box locations).
FORMERLY TOP SECRET DECIMAL CORRESPONDENCE FILE, 1942-54
II.131 Decimal file 383.6 "Prisoners of War" (boxes 440-443A, ca. 1.5 ft.) of
the declassified Director of Plans decimal file (formerly top secret decimal correspondence file),
1942-54 [NM 15, Entry 335c] (ca. 1952 ft.), contains Air Force correspondence and policy documents
relating to POW "escape and evasion" instructions and procedures in effect during World War II and the
Korean War. In addition, that file contains numerous published and unpublished Air Force and
Department of Defense studies and reports that describe the treatment and exploitation of American prisoners
of war by their Communist captors during the Korean War. Other records in file 383.6 include
correspondence and messages that relate specifically to the Cold War POW case of 11 B-29 crew members whose
aircraft, commanded by Col. John K. Arnold, Jr., was shot down in proximity to the Manchurian border with
North Korea on January 12, 1953. Arnold and his crew were captured and detained in the People's
Republic of china until August 1955. Scattered throughout file 360.43 [box 261, 3 in.) are a
few items (messages, reports, correspondence) pertaining to the "ransoming" of 4 Air Force C-47 crew members
whose aircraft was forced down over Hungary on November 18, 1951, and also to the fate of 10 unrecovered
Navy P2V crew members whose aircraft was shot down off the coast of Siberia on November 6, 1951.
II.132 The mostly declassified Director of Plans project decimal file
(formerly top secret decimal correspondence), 1942-54 [NM 15, Entry 335a] (ca. 102 ft.), arranged
generally by country name and thereunder by War Department decimal number, includes correspondence,
messages, and reports that focus on Korean War issues such as negotiations for the release of prisoners of
war, the "confessions" of Communist held Air Force POWs to participation in bacteriological and biological
warfare missions. Air Force investigations concerning the substance of these "confessions," and Air
Force policy in evaluating evidence or charges of POW misconduct. These records are located under the
country name "Korea," file 383.6 (12 July 1951) (boxes 902-903, ca. 6 in.).
II.133 The decimal file (formerly top secret decimal correspondence file), 1942-54
[NM 15, Entry 335c] and the project decimal file (formerly top secret decimal correspondence), 1942-54
[NM 15, Entry 335a] have been merged to form an integrated Formerly Top Secret Decimal Correspondence
File, 1942-54.
FORMERLY SECRET DECIMAL CORRESPONDENCE FILE, 1942-54
II.134 A few reports of interrogations of repatriated Air Force POWs from the Korean
War are located in the declassified central decimal files [formerly] secret decimal correspondence file),
1942-54 [NM 15, Entry 336] (ca. 197 ft.), "project decimal file" section, under the country name
"Korea," file 383.6 (12 July 1951), Section 8 (boxes 393-394, 1 in.). These reports describe
POW camp conditions in North Korea, evidence of war crimes committed by Communist forces against American
POWs, and sightings of prisoners of war in North Korean captivity. In that same series, files under
"Russia," file 383.7 (8 March 1950) (box 404, ca. 1 in.), are a few copies of foreign source
interrogation reports that identify the location of Russian prison camps and that also provide some
eyewitness detail on living conditions within those facilities.
RECORDS OF THE DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF, OPERATIONS (DCSO)-
OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR OF INTELLIGENCE
II.134a Over 200 repatriated Air Force Korean War POW interrogation summaries have
been located in the series of numerically arranged air intelligence reports, 1942-53 (951 ft.).
Some summaries relate to POWs who were detained after the Korean War armistice agreement, including most of
the captured B-29 crew piloted by Col. John K. Arnold, Jr. These summaries usually include the
following information: the debriefed POW's name, rank, serial number, and unit; details about his last
mission and capture; the names and locations of POW camps in which he was detained (including detention
dates); identification of other POWs known to the respondent but who had not been repatriated with him; the
interrogated POW's knowledge of war crimes and atrocities; reports of POW attempts to escape and evade the
enemy; details of life in the POW camps (health, medicine, sanitary conditions); descriptions of Communist
indoctrination techniques; identification of enemy strategic sites and observations concerning North Korean
terrain and weather features. Series numbers were assigned to each of these interrogation summaries as
they were received by the Office of the Director of Intelligence. Because the summaries were
apparently received individually or in batches over a period of time, they are not concentrated in a
specific numerical range of the series. Moreover, there is no series index that would assist staff and
researchers in locating relevant interrogation summaries by POW name or subject. Fortunately, staff of
the Defense Prisoner of War/Missing in Action Office (DPMO) are compiling a cross-index list of debriefed
Air Force Korean War POWs correlated to the appropriate series document number. When completed, DPMO
will provide a copy of this list to the Textual Reference Branch of the National Archives at College Park.
RECORDS OF THE DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF FOR PERSONNEL
DIRECTORATE OF MILITARY PERSONNEL-PROMOTIONS AND SEPARATIONS DIVISION
II.135 Following the Korean War, the Air Force faced the delicate task of processing
promotions and discharges for repatriated prisoners of war whose conduct while Communist captives was
simultaneously under official review. Responsibility for resolving this problem fell to the Promotions
and Separation Division, which sought guidance from documentary evidence that can be found in records
relating to Air Force prisoners of war from the Korean conflict (POW projects), 1954-56 (1 ft.).
Of primary importance to the Division were the instructions, proceedings, and recommendations of officially
convened Air Force review boards that investigated alleged instances of misconduct by some Air Force POWs.
But Division staff collected other records as well, including Air Force studies, reports, and analyses of
Korean War POW responses to the various stresses of captivity, including Communist interrogation and
indoctrination sessions; Air Force policy documents pertaining to the pay and promotion of personnel in
captive status; after-action reports of Air Force POW repatriation operations during the Korean War; and
correspondence with the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission concerning the compensation of Air Force
prisoners of war. Many of these records focus on the treatment and conduct of B-29 pilot Col. John K.
Arnold Jr., and his crew.
RECORDS OF THE DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF, MATERIEL
MORTUARY AND GRAVES REGISTRATION BRANCH
II.136 Records of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Materiel, include six small series of
Mortuary and Graves Registration Branch case files that provide information on deceased Korean War Air Force
POWs/MIAs. Four series deal primarily with airmen whose remains were recovered: case files (Korean
conflict), 1950-55 (1 ft.); case files, 1949-53 (8 ft.); Korean and personal effects files,
1954 (5 in.); and [records relating to] current deaths, 1954-56 (15 ft.). They consist of
remains identification, autopsy and interment reports, lists of personal effects, remains disposition
correspondence between the Air Force and a deceased individual's next of kin, and occasionally a map that
shows a location in Korea from which a specific individual's remains were recovered. All of these
series are arranged alphabetically by surname of deceased airman. A separate series of alphabetically
arranged Mortuary and Graves Registration Branch case files (Korean conflict), 1950-56 (6 ft.),
contains correspondence, reports, and findings that relate to Air Force personnel (including POWs/MIAs)
whose remains were never recovered and who were subsequently declared dead by provision of the Missing
Persons Act. Records relating to group burials, crash files, and floods, 1949-53 (1 ft.),
include "group burial" remains identification and disposition instructions, interment records, and
cross-references to Army unidentified remains case files ("X" files). See Appendix F.)
This series is arranged by subject ("Group Burials," "Crash Files," etc.), and thereunder by folder title or
case number ("Group Burial 1," "Group Burial 7," etc.). Although these Mortuary and Graves
Registration Branch records focus heavily on Korean War casualties, they also provide information on Air
Force civilian deaths and noncombat casualties. Some of the "noncombat death" records may relate to
one or more of the several Cold War "shoot down" incidents.
RECORDS RELATING TO PROJECT WRINGER
II.137 Project Wringer, 1949-55, was a high-priority Air Force interrogation project
conducted by that service's European and Far Eastern Commands for the purpose of gathering strategic
information through formal questioning of repatriated prisoners of war and detainees who had been held by
the Soviet Union. Intelligence thus gathered primarily concerned industrial installations of tactical
or strategic importance in the Soviet Union or Eastern Europe, and only incidentally concerned prisoners of
war and detainees allegedly held by Communist countries. The strategic information was used in the
preparation of bombing target folders and navigational maps. Reports and other records pertaining to
these POW and detainee interrogations can be found in reports of interrogations (Wringer reports),
1949-55 (1,682 rolls of 35 mm microfilm), which were maintained by the Air Force Deputy Chief of Staff
for Operations, Office of the Director of Intelligence. (Recently, the Office of the National Archives
has also accessioned approximately 500 cubic feet of unarranged and unindexed paper copies of Wringer
reports. Further processing will be required to determine whether the paper copies supplement or
duplicate copies of Wringer reports contained in the accessioned microfilm series.) The microfilmed
reports are divided into two segments: those originating from the U.S. Air Force Europe (EP) and those from
the Far Eastern Air Force (FP). Each segment is then arranged, with numerous exceptions and gaps,
sequentially by report number. Access to these records is difficult, due to the absence of name
indexes that would link report numbers to the names of specific individuals who were interrogated.
However, copies of some interrogation summaries compiled by the Far Eastern Air Force can be found in
research and development project files: 5th Air Force interrogation reports, 1951, which are described
in paragraph II.138. In addition, the Textual Reference Branch of the National Archives at
College Park maintains finding aids that might be useful to researchers who are interested in Wringer
reports that pertain to specific areas in the Soviet Union. But it is necessary to emphasize that the
reports are mostly valuable for the strategic observations that they convey. Staff archivists who
service the Wringer reports observe that they contain little information of any kind about POWs and
detainees who were or might have been held by Communist countries.
Record Group
342 - Records of U.S. Air Force Commands,
Activities, and Organizations
RECORDS OF THE ENGINEERING DIVISION, MATERIEL COMMAND,
WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OHIO
II.138 In the closing weeks of World War II, many Japanese soldiers, sailors, and
airmen were captured in Manchuria and Korea and then interned as prisoners of war by the Soviet Union.
some of these POWs spent several years in Russia, living in prisoner-of-war camps or working in industrial
facilities prior to repatriation or escape from Soviet control. U.S. Far East Air Force intelligence
officers interrogated a number of these returning Japanese servicemen for information about Russian
industrial sites and factories, mines, natural resources, prison compounds and administration and
prisoner-of-war indoctrination practices. This interrogation program had close ties to Project
Wringer. (See paragraph II.137.) In June 1950, with the onset of the Korean War, Far
East Air Force intelligence staff began to acquire information on additional "strategic" targets in North
Korea, china, and Manchuria by interrogating captured North Korean soldiers, defectors, and escapees from
Communist control. But these interviews with Japanese and North Korean subjects provided the Air Force
with other information as well. Some of the interviewees provided detailed descriptions of prison camp
facilities, extensive biographies of Communist prison camp and industrial plant staff, information on living
conditions in the camps, accounts of other prisoners whom they encountered, and recollections of escape
attempts. Occasionally, their statements extended to impressions of the Russian populace (health,
diet, living conditions, social circumstances, and political attitudes) or to recollections of local
climatological conditions and natural catastrophes (i.e., earthquakes, floods). Unarranged, typed
summaries of these interrogations, along with accompanying maps, plats, and other records, are housed in the
"RD" numbered research and development project files: 5th Air Force interrogation papers, 1951 (RD
3518-RD 3524) (7 ft.). Although prisoner-of-war "live sightings" were not a primary focus of the Air
Force's interrogations, the interview summaries do contain information on conditions in Russian prison
compounds where Americans may have been held. The probability of obtaining this kind of information
from the interrogations of Japanese repatriated POWs is more likely because they apparently were interned at
several different camps throughout the Soviet Union, where they came into contact with other Russian held
POWs (e.g., Germans, Romanians, French) following World War II. There are no name indexes for the
interrogation summaries.
MISSION REPORTS
II.139 For at least the first 2 years of the Korean War, the 5th Air Force required combat
pilots to submit reports of missions that they flew in Korea. These reports were frequently
transmitted as teletype messages from group- and squadron-level headquarters to the 5th Air Force. The
messages were formatted to parallel 5th Air Force Intelligence Form #1 numerical categories, which included
the following paragraph titles: 1. date of mission; 2. mission type and number; 3. unit; 4. number and type
of aircraft; 5. takeoff and landing times; 6. targets (with subparagraphs for name, coordinates, and
results); 7. observations; 8. enemy aircraft encountered (type, location, time, duration); 10. friendly
casualties; 14. weather conditions; 18. brief resume of mission; and 19. name of interrogator. In
cases where friendly aircraft or pilots were lost on a combat mission, the mission report usually provides
details such as a brief narrative and geographic coordinates of combat action or circumstances surrounding
that loss under paragraph titles 7. observations; 8. enemy aircraft encountered; 9. friendly casualties; and
18. brief resume of mission. Some of these records can be found in mission reports of U.S. Air
Force units during the Korean War era, 1950-52 (74 ft.), which consist of teletype message reports
submitted by units of the 6147th Tactical Air Control Group, units of the 3d and 17th Bomb Groups, units of
the 18th Fighter Bomber Wing, and the 7th, 8th, and 9th Fighter-Bomber Squadrons. Fifth Air Force
Intelligence Form #1 transcriptions are attached to most of the teletype messages. Reports and
messages in this series are arranged by Air Force unit name, and thereunder generally in chronological order
by report date.
II.140 Another series, the closely related "RD" numbered 5th Air Force mission
reports, August 25, 1950-March 18, 1952 (RD 3597-RD 3629) (41 ft.), includes teletype message mission
reports for various Air Force, Navy, and Marine units that flew combat missions during the Korean War.
They are arranged chronologically by date and thereunder by unit designation. The teletype messages
are formatted with 5th Air Force Intelligence Form #1 numerical categories, minus the category title.
However, there are few Form #1 transcriptions attached to the messages. Consequently, researchers must
know the correlation between Form #1 report paragraph numbers and titles in order to interpret the teletype
messages. (See paragraph II.139.) This series was once maintained as part of the Materiel
Command, Engineering Division, records ("Sarah Clark" collection) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH.
Record Group 349 -
Records of Joint Commands
RECORDS OF THE FAR EAST COMMAND
II.141 The Intelligence Division (J-2) decimal correspondence file, 1953-54 (5 ft.),
arranged by War Department decimal classification number, includes three folders of 383.6 "Prisoners
of War" records that consist mainly of correspondence requests to the United Nations Command Military
Armistice Commission and the Far East Command for assistance in locating or determining the fate of civilian
detainees or military personnel believed to have been held by Communist forces during the Korean War.
Most of these requests were submitted by the commanders of national military forces that formed part of the
United Nations Command in Korea. There are also Far East command draft instructions and comments
pertaining to the handling of information gathered during repatriated prisoner-of-war interrogations,
summarized accounts of POW sightings, and reports and lists of American prisoners of war held or unaccounted
for by the People's Republic of China following the Korean War cease-fire agreement. The POW lists are
broken down by categories such as "possible collaborators," "possible voluntary nonrepatriates," and "men
under trial or convicted by Communists for alleged war crimes," and then, within each category, by
"accounted for" and "unaccounted for" personnel. Other records include memorandums and messages
pertaining to procedures worked out by United Nations Command and Communist forces for the post-cease-fire
exchange of casualty remains, provisions of the cease-fire agreement, and reports that American prisoners of
war were being detained involuntarily by Communist forces after the Korean War POW repatriation operations.
Record Group
389 - Records of the Office of the Provost Marshal General, 1941-
OPMG CORRESPONDENCE
II.142 Declassified general correspondence, 1955-62 (52 ft.), arranged
according to the War Department decimal classification scheme, includes a report compiled by Edgar H.
Schein, W.E. Cooley, and Margaret T. Singer titled A Psychological Follow-up of Former Prisoners of War
of the Chinese Communists, Part I: Results of Interview Study (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 1960), 91 pp. This document was part of a study supported by the Research and Development
Division of the Office of the Surgeon General (contract number DA-49-007-MD-754). The report, along
with a few items of correspondence pertaining to initiation of the research study and its findings, is
located in file 383.6 (1962).
RECORDS OF THE PRISONER OF WAR DIVISION
II.143 The declassified Prisoner of War Division security classified general
correspondence, 1942-57 (ca. 67 ft.), contains policy and program records that document OPMG involvement
in the management of prisoner-of-war affairs, programs, and camps during World War II and the Korean War.
This series, which includes records dated as late as 1962, is divided into two chronological subseries
(1942-46 and 1945-57). Each of these is arranged according to the War Department decimal
classification scheme.
II.144 The following descriptions provide a representative sampling of information
about American POWs from the Korean War in records of the second subseries (1945-57):
- File 040, folder titled "Misc. State Dept," 1951-52 (less than 1 in., box 3), consists entirely
of copies of State Department embassy and consulate despatches, telegrams, and reports pertaining to
eyewitness sightings, movements, or deaths of American prisoners of war in the People's Republic of China,
Korea, and Manchuria during the Korean War.
- File 092.2, folder titled "Korean Armistice Agreement," ca. 1953 (less than 1 in., box 5),
contains printed copies of volume 1 of the Korean War armistice agreement and the "temporary supplementary
agreement," dated July 27, 1953, pertaining to POW repatriation responsibilities and duties of the Neutral
Nations Repatriation Commission. There is also a copy of an administrative plan for the exchange of
prisoners of war devised by the United Nations Command's Committee for the Repatriation of Prisoners of
War. Rules, plans, and procedures of that committee are included with the exchange plan.
- File 383.6, folder titled "Americans Confined in PW Camps (Roster)" (less than 1 in., box 88),
consists of an "18 December 1951 List of U.N. Prisoners of War" that was apparently compiled by staff of
the U.S. 8th Army. The list includes identified North Korean POW camps by camp number and name; two
camp citations are annotated for location.
- File 383.6 folder titled "American POW Rosters (IRC Lists)," 1950-51 (1 in., box 89), contains
several Korean War POW lists prepared by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Among
these is "IRC [Red Cross] List #157 (18 Aug. 1950)," a roster that identifies 49 American prisoners of war
who were held in "Pyeng-yang" prison camp. It provides the name, rank, serial number, and date of
birth for each listed POW. Other ICRC lists are in the form of transmitted Department of State
embassy and consulate messages. Many of these were annotated by OPMG staff for corrections in name,
rank, and serial number information, or to indicate whether or not specific POWs had been mentioned in
Communist radio broadcasts. This folder also includes Army correspondence that documents some of the
many official inquiries to Military Armistice Conference representatives relating to apparent
discrepancies in POW lists provided by Communist forces. In addition, there are a few U.S.
intelligence agency messages that focus on the movement of United Nations Command prisoners of war by the
Communists to various locations in North Korea.
- File 383.6, folder titled "APWIB," 1951-53 (less than 1 in., box 89), includes a copy of the
Army Adjutant General's "Procedures for Processing, Return and Reassignment of Exchanges in Korea (Short
Title: POW-K)," 20 December 1951. The other document in this folder, "Overt Acts of U.S. Personnel
in Captured Status (Short Title: RECAP-K, Part II)," 3 July 1953, contains instructions and procedures
from the Adjutant General on the administrative processing of American POWs whose actions or statements in
captured status (as described in the interrogation statements of other prisoners of war) appeared to have
been treasonous or criminal in nature.
- File 383.6 (multiple documents in variously titled folders, various dates), (less than 1 in.,
box 90), includes one folder that contains an autostat copy of a program for the 1952 "Intercamp Olympics"
at the Pyoktong (Camp Number 5) prisoner-of-war camp in North Korea. The program, apparently printed
in North Korea, lists American and United Nations Command POW/participants by "Olympic" event, participant
name, and service number.
- The file titled "Treatment of British Prisoners of War in Korea," 1955 (less than 1 in., box 91),
consists of a copy of a 41-page study published, with that title, in London by Her Majesty's Stationery
Office in 1955. Page 36 is a general location map of camps in which British POWs were held captive
during the Korean War.
- File 383.6 (multiple folders, variously titled), ca. 1954-56 (3 in., box 92), contains
memorandums, correspondence, and other records that document various interservice discussions between
American military representatives in the Far East about prisoners of war. These meetings and
discussions focused on ways to assist United Nations Command representatives in obtaining information
about unaccounted for U.S. POWs from Communist representatives at Military Armistice Conference
negotiations.
II.145 Access to records in the second subseries (1942-57) is facilitated by a box
contents span list (beginning and ending file for each box) located in box 1 of that subseries.
Record Group 407 - Records of the Adjutant Generals Office, 1917-
THE ADJUTANT GENERAL (AG) CENTRAL DECIMAL FILE, 1940-62
II.146 The AG Central Decimal File, 1940-62 is an important source of
information on Cold War POW/MIA issues. Following World War II and the Korean War, the Adjutant
General made administrative rulings on the fates of thousands of American soldiers and airmen who had
disappeared during those wars. Throughout the Cold War period, the Adjutant General also represented
the Army in dealings with Congress and the public on various POW/MIA issues. In the course of
addressing these responsibilities, the Adjutant General gathered and compiled casualty statistics,
individual casualty investigation reports, policy documents, legal briefs and opinions, training manuals,
and other records that provide a detailed view of factors that shaped Army POW/MIA programs and policies.
Because the Adjutant General's Office corresponded frequently with Congress and the public, the AG
Central Decimal File also contains extensive written documentation of public opinion concerning the
Army's handling of POW/MIA issues during the Cold War years.
ORGANIZATION OF THE AG CENTRAL DECIMAL FILE
II.147 The AG Central Decimal File consists of seven unclassified,
declassified, and security-classified records series. Each series is divided into chronological
segments of varying lengths (usually 1, 2, 3, or 5 years). Each segment, in turn, usually consists of
one or more sections (typically "decimal files" or "case files," "special project files," and occasionally
"bulky package files," and "cross-reference sheets"). Documents in each of the "decimal files"
sections are arranged according to the War Department decimal classification scheme. "Special project
files," "project files," and "bulky package files" sections normally are divided into topical categories
under which records are arranged according to the War Department decimal filing scheme. In the case of
"special project files," the topical categories are project names. "Project files" topical categories
feature subject terms such as "Civil Education"; "Geographic" [Army administrative jurisdiction]; "Aviation
Schools"; "Flying Fields"; "Military Schools"; "Military Posts and Reservations"; "Cities"; "Mountains";
"Lakes"; "States and Counties"; "Foreign" [i.e., countries]; and "Nautical" [names of ships].
Subdivision and arrangement of the "cross-reference sheets" section are described below under AG Central
Decimal File Indexes. (See paragraphs II.150-II.154.)
II.148 Many of the most significant documents for POW/MIA research are located under files
383.6 "Prisoners of War" and 704 "Casualties, Wounded, and Wounds" of the "decimal files" sections of the
various chronological series segments.
AG CENTRAL DECIMAL FILE
II.149 Five of the seven AG Central Decimal File series, described below,
include records that relate to Korean War/Cold War POWs/MIAs.
II.149a Unclassified Army AG decimal file, 1940-54 (4183 ft.).
- This series is significant because it contains numerous individual casualty investigation reports and
other documents pertaining to Army personnel killed, wounded, or listed as missing in the Korean War.
The reports summarize eyewitness accounts and debriefings, burial and disinterment reports, fingerprint
analyses, and other records that pertain to sightings and last-observed actions of known prisoners of war,
personnel listed as missing in action, and other individuals who were wounded or killed in action but
whose remains were not recovered. Army officials conducted these investigations to determine the
fate of individual servicemen under terms of the Missing Persons Act. The investigation reports can
be found within the "decimal files" sections of all chronological segments of this series, under file
704. Other records in the 704 files include Army regulations, instructions, and policy
correspondence pertaining to the collection, evaluation, categorization, and public dissemination of Army
casualty information and statistics. Throughout the Cold War years, the Adjutant General's staff
responded to numerous correspondence inquiries and comments from Congress and the American public
regarding Army POW/MIA policy, programs, procedures, and specific actions pertaining to prisoners of war
or missing-in-action personnel. Correspondence documenting the Adjutant General's responses to
Congress and the public, along with research notes and documents that AG staff gathered for these replies,
provide a detailed view of how the Army's policies for handling and reporting POW/MIA issues evolved from
the end of World War II to the eve of the Vietnam War. These records, which are largely concentrated
in file 383.6 of the "decimal files" section of all chronological segments of this series, also
document the conflicting pressures of wartime exigencies, Cold War politics, and public opinion that
influenced Army policy-makers who struggled with Cold War POW/MIA issues. For example, file 383.6
in the "decimal files" section, 1951-52 and 1953-54 segments, includes correspondence that documents
public and congressional information requests and Army replies pertaining to Korean War prisoners of war
and missing-in-action personnel. Other correspondence between the Army and Congress or the public
focuses on such topics as the progress of prisoner-of-war exchange negotiations conducted by United
Nations and Communist forces during the Korean War; Army plans to court-martial or prosecute some
repatriated American POWs from the Korean War on charges of misconduct and collaboration with the enemy;
and Army policy toward American prisoners of war from the Korean War who refused repatriation (voluntary
nonrepatriates).
II.149b Declassified and unclassified general correspondence, 1955-62 (1,103
ft.)
- Records in this series include Adjutant General correspondence replies to public inquiries concerning
the Army's prosecution of some repatriated Korean War prisoners of war on charges of misconduct and
collaboration with the enemy, replies to other public requests for information on Army voluntary
nonrepatriates from the Korean War, and a draft copy of Department of the Army Pamphlet 30-101, "Communist
Interrogation, Indoctrination and Exploitation of Prisoners of War." (See decimal file 383.6,
"case files" section, 1955-56 segment.) File 383.6 in the "case files" section of the 1957-58
segment includes some Adjutant General correspondence with Congress and the public that focuses on
American soldiers who were identified as prisoners of war during the Korean War but about whom Communist
forces had provided no information. File 383.6, "case files" section, 1962 segment contains
an Army response to a congressional inquiry about the detention of an American citizen, Hewett H. Fey, in
China.
II.194c Declassified Army AG top secret decimal file, 1946-54 (56 ft.)
- POW/MIA related records in this series consist of Army and Department of Defense messages,
correspondence, and policy statements that focus on contemporary official concerns that some
"indoctrinated," returned POWs from the Korean War posed a security risk to the United States. Most
of these documents, which are located in file 383.6, "decimal files" section, 1953-54 segment,
focus on "deindoctrination" proposals and POW debriefing procedures adopted by the Army. There are
also a few records that relate to revision of the interservice Code of Conduct following the Korean War.
II.149d Security Classified Army AG classified decimal file, 1948-54 (94 ft.)
- (NOTE: Although the series remains security classified, some of the records described below have been
declassified.) Much of the POW/MIA related documentation in this series consists of "RECAP-K"
program policy and procedure statements, personnel lists, and administrative guidelines pertaining to the
debriefing and administrative status of "returned or exchanged captured American personnel" from the
Korean War. These records are located in file 383.6, "decimal files" section, 1951-52 and
1953-54 segments. Other records in file 383.6, "decimal files" section, 1953-54 segment,
include Department of the Army-Joint Chiefs of Staff correspondence on policies for training military
personnel subject to enemy capture; a summary of interrogation data gathered from debriefings of American
POWs from the Korean War who were repatriated during Operation Little Switch; correspondence and
Department of the Army instructions relating to requested parental visits with American voluntary
nonrepatriate POWs in North Korea and the People's Republic of China; an Army fact sheet on "Communist
Mistreatment of U.S. Prisoners of War"; Army correspondence and policy memorandums dealing with the
administrative treatment of those repatriated Korean War POWs who, in POW debriefing testimony, were
alleged to have collaborated with the enemy or to have engaged in criminal activity or other acts of
misconduct; and various lists, amended lists, research reports, rebuttals, testimony, and other records
pertaining to Army POWs whom Communist forces reported as deceased during the Korean War.
Declassification casualty records pertaining to soldiers listed as missing in action during the Korean War
can be found in file 704, "decimal files" section, 1951-52 and 1953-54 segments. These
records include some casualty report forms (FEC, AGO 241) that provide an individual's name, rank, service
number, unit, casualty status, date of casualty, home address, and names and addresses of next of kin.
Other records include a few casualty investigation reports and witness interrogations that focus on last
sightings of soldiers listed as missing in action. The 704 decimal files, "decimal files"
section, 1953-54 segment, include correspondence requests from Army Forces, Far East (AFFE) headquarters
to the Adjutant General for fingerprint records of missing-in-action personnel. AFFE utilized these
records to identify recovered remains. A few of the many reports that summarize the findings of
individual remains examinations can also be found in these files.
II.149e Classified central general administrative files, 1955-62 (225 ft.)
- (NOTE: Although the series remains security classified, many of the records described below have
been declassified.) Most of the records in this series focus on the evolution of Army policies and
procedures for administering affairs that pertained to the status of Korean War voluntary nonrepatriates
who chose to remain in the People's Republic of China. Among these records are Army correspondence
with the legal staffs of the Department of Defense and the Department of Justice, and name lists of
voluntary nonrepatriates. This series also contains Army regulations, correspondence, and
instructions that relate to intelligence debriefing and administrative processing of "returned, exchanged
or captured American personnel worldwide" (Army RECAP-WW program). These records can be found in
file 383.6, "case files" sections, 1955-56 and 1957-58 segments. File 383.6 of the
"case files" section in the 1959 segment includes an Army report on "75 individuals who allegedly returned
to the U.S. [after the Korean War cease-fire] as trained agents of Communist espionage." This report
includes a roster of those who made the allegations. Access to this report may be subject to
restrictions based upon personal privacy considerations.
AG CENTRAL DECIMAL FILE INDEXES
II.150 Listed below are the four series of separately maintained cross-reference sheet
indexes for all of the series that constitute the AG Central Decimal File. Cross-reference
sheets for documents filed in AG Central Decimal File series described in paragraphs II.149b
and II.149e and the 1953-54 segment of the series described in paragraph II.149c were
maintained as sections of those series.
- Unclassified microfilmed AGO [Adjutant General's Office] central files cross indexes, 1940-45.
(132 ft., 1522 reels of 16 mm microfilm).
- Unclassified Army AG central decimal files cross-reference sheets, 1946-54 (598 ft.).
- Declassified microfilmed cross-index sheets to classified AGO central files, June 1941-December
1947. (ca. 99 ft., 1,486 reels of 16 mm microfilm).
- Security-classified Army AG central decimal files cross-reference sheets, 1948-54. (156 ft.)
II.151 Cross-reference index sheets generally provide the following information about
specific documents in the decimal files: War Department decimal number for primary and secondary locations
(document and document copy); names of sender and recipient; date of document; document subject and
synopsis; and date received by the Adjutant General's Office.
II.152 Organization of the cross-reference sheet index series and sections closely
parallels that of the AG Central Decimal File series. Thus, each cross-reference sheet index
series or series section is normally divided into chronological segments, and then subdivided into sections
(for example, "decimal files" or "project files"). "Decimal files" cross-reference sheets are arranged
according to the War Department decimal classification scheme. "Project files" cross-reference sheets
are broadly divided into various topical categories that correspond with the same AG Central Decimal File
"project file" topical categories of documents to which they refer. Within these parallel categories,
cross-reference sheets are then arranged according to the War Department decimal filing scheme.
II.153 Cross-reference sheet indexes serve as a useful subject index to records in the
AG Central Decimal File. For example, cross-reference sheets filed under decimal files 383.6
and 704 of the "decimal files" section and the various "project files" sections and subsections
provide references to a large number of documents in the AG Central Decimal File series that pertain
to prisoners of war and missing-in-action personnel. As noted above, the cross-reference index sheets
also identify secondary file locations for copies of specific documents--thereby providing clues to other
War Department file numbers that may contain information about specific prisoners of war, missing
servicemen, or various POW/MIA issues.
II.154 In working with the AG Central Decimal File series and the cross-reference
sheet indexes, researchers should bear in mind that the Army defined servicemen who were listed as "missing
in action" during armed conflict as casualties. For that reason, War Department file number 704
is the primary location for casualty lists, reports, and remains analysis. Due to the large number of
casualties sustained in the Korean War, the Army generally subdivided its 704 files into "wounded,"
"dead," and "missing" segments during the years 1950-54.
RECORDS OF THE LEGISLATIVE AND PRECEDENT BRANCH
II.155 The series of legislative and policy precedent files, 1943-76 (52 ft.),
contains copies of messages, reports, studies, correspondence, press releases, and other documents that the
Adjutant General's Office maintained for the purpose of documenting Army policies and precedents on various
administrative and legal issues. This series, which is arranged sequentially by folder numbers that
correspond to various topics, includes information on prisoners of war (folder number 150),
missing-in-action personnel (folder number 544), and Korean War casualties (folder number 1536).
Records in folder 150 include Army staff comments and suggests that relate to proposed revisions of the 1929
Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. There are also studies that analyze
the definition and status of Korean War prisoners of war according to the provisions of international law,
and Army administrative and legal opinions that focus on the definition and classification of nonrepatriated
POWs or MIA personnel in accordance with provisions of the Missing Persons Act. Other records in
folder 150 include clippings, speeches, and news releases that reflect Army policy pertaining to American
POWs and issues such as resistance to indoctrination and collaboration with the enemy, a press release that
contains background information on American POWs from the Korean War who refused repatriation (voluntary
nonrepatriates), and other records relating to Army precedents for the prosecution of repatriated Korean War
prisoners of war who were accused of collaborating with the enemy. Folder 150 also contains a list of
eight permanent and four temporary North Korean prisoner-of-war camps that identifies these facilities by
number, name, and universal transverse mercator grid system coordinates. Folder 544 consists of Army
administrative regulations that defined benefit entitlements for personnel classified as missing in action
during the Korean War, and a 1953 presumptive statement of death that applied to roughly 4,000 American
servicemen who had been listed as missing in action for more than a year during the Korean War. Folder
1536 consists of messages, memorandums, correspondence, and other records that document the Army's
definition, interpretation, and reporting of Korean War casualty statistics.
II.156 The most useful finding aid for this series is the subject index to
legislative and policy precedent file, 1943-75 (8 ft.). This index, which lists records according
to alphabetically arranged subject categories such as "prisoners of war," "prisoners (war and general),"
"missing in action," "casualty," and "casualties," provides the following information for specific
documents; folder number, document number within folder, document topic or subject, document type (letter,
report, etc.), date of document, and cross-references to other file locations.
OTHER RECORDS
ADJUTANT GENERAL COMMAND REPORTS, 1949-54
II.157 Three similarly arranged but separately maintained subseries of Adjutant General
Command Reports, 1949-54, include historical reports, operations journals, staff studies, and other
documents produced by Army commands, staffs, and units. These records provide information about the
activities of combat and support units that might be of general interest to POW/MIA researchers.
Unclassified through formerly secret Army-AG command reports, 1949-54 (2,869 ft.) [NM-3, Entry 429a],
are arranged by military administrative or geographic area, thereunder by Army unit, then by document type,
and finally by date of document. Under "Korea, Munsan-ni Provisional Command" are approximately 8
inches of monthly reports submitted by that command to the Army Adjutant General between May and September
1953. The Munsan-ni Provisional Command had responsibility for providing support to the Korean
Communications Zone in the repatriation of United Nations Command prisoners of war (Operations Little
Switch and Big Switch). The command's reports, which detail these POW return operations,
include statistical tabulations (but no names) of American POWs reported on Communist transfer rosters, and
the number, physical condition, and rank of POWs actually received by the Command. The reports also
include maps and overlays of buildings within the Munsan-ni compound, rosters and biographies of the
command's senior and general staff officers, and standard operating procedures (SOPS) for the Panmunjom POW
receiving point. Other records filed with the command reports include 33 dated and captioned 8-inch by
10-inch black and white photographs of individual American POWs taken as they were repatriated through
"Freedom Village"; United Nations Command and U.S. 8th Army informational brochures given to POWs as they
returned to allied control; and a Munsan-ni Provisional Command briefing report that provides background
information on Operations Little Switch and Big Switch and on the responsibilities and
facilities of various Army medical and administrative units at Munsan-ni. Unclassified through
formerly secret U.S. Army-Far East [command reports, ca. August 1953-December 1954] (3 ft.) [NM-3,
Entry 429b], consist of post-Korean War armistice reports and other records of the U.S. Army Forces, Far
East. Formerly top secret Army-AG command reports, 1949-54 [January 1951-November 1954] (13
ft.) [NM-3, Entry 428a], contain documents generated by General Headquarters, Far East Command/United
Nations Command. Records within these three subseries can be located through the card index to
command reports file, 1949-54 (8 ft.). (NOTE: Index boxes are currently labeled "Index to the
Series Titled: Army-AG Command Reports, 1949-54.")
DONATED RECORDS
RECORDS OF THE AMERICAN RED CROSS, NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS
II.158 Records of the American National Red Cross [general correspondence], 1947-64
(ca. 1,189 ft.), include approximately 3 linear feet of correspondence, reports, lists, newspaper clippings,
and other records that focus on efforts made by various national chapters of the Red Cross to assist
American prisoners of war, civilian detainees, and their relatives during the Korean War; in Cuba following
the Bay of Pigs invasion; and in the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, and East Germany during
the Cold War era. There are, for example, narrative reports and correspondence written by Red Cross
officials who were allowed to deliver parcels to American POWs and civilians detained in People's Republic
of China prisons after the Korean War. A few of the reports describe prison conditions, and the health
and welfare of specific prisoners. There are also reports and correspondence (1953) of the Korean War
Joint Red Cross Team Operation that was responsible for inspecting Communist and United Nations Command POW
camps and for aiding and assisting United Nations Command POW repatriates during Operations Big Switch
and Little Switch. Other Korean War era records in this series include lists of
unaccounted-for American prisoners of war (ca. 1955-62), Red Cross correspondence with families of
repatriated POWs, military travel orders for groups of POWs who returned to the United States by U.S. Navy
transport ships, and American Red Cross correspondence with the Department of State, various U.S. military
officials, and other Red Cross national chapters that conveys information about American prisoners of war.
This series also contains correspondence and reports that document American Red Cross efforts to assist Air
Force Colonel John K. Arnold Jr. and his B-29 crew, who were detained in the People's Republic of China
after their aircraft was shot down. Some of the reports provide information on prison conditions and
treatment afforded to the Arnold crew during their captivity. Other correspondence and reports in this
series provide information about American Red Cross operations to relieve and supply American prisoners of
war and civilian detainees held captive in Cuba after the Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961. Additional
records document attempts by American Red Cross officials to assist or acquire information about American
prisoners of war and other detainees held by Communist bloc countries (the Soviet Union, East Germany, North
Korea) as the result of various Cold War incidents that occurred between the early 1950s and the mid-1960s.
This series is arranged by an American Red Cross devised decimal file code. The above described
records pertaining to "prisoners of war" are filed under decimal code 619.2.
II.159 Records of the American National Red Cross [general correspondence], 1965-79
(ca. 673 ft.), arranged according to the same American Red Cross decimal file scheme, includes (within the
619.2 decimal files) approximately 6 feet of records that focus on other Cold War/Korean War prisoner-of-war
issues. Among these documents are correspondence, reports, newspaper clippings, and other items
pertaining to assistance rendered by the Red Cross to voluntary nonrepatriate Korean War POWs in the
People's Republic of China. There are also reports and correspondence that focus on the welfare of
crew members of the U.S.S. Pueblo, who were captured by North Korean military forces in January 1968
and detained until December of that year. Other records in this series provide information about
assistance rendered by American Red Cross officials to American civilians and prisoners of war who were held
captive in the People's Republic of China during the Cold War, or who were captured by North Vietnam during
the Vietnamese War. Many of the 619.2 files that relate to Americans imprisoned in Communist
China contain extensive documentation concerning specific, named individuals.
II.160 The Textual Reference Branch of the National Archives at College Park maintains
folder title lists for both of these series.
Part III
Electronic Records Relating to
KOREAN WAR AND COLD WAR PRISONERS OF WAR
AND MISSING-IN-ACTION PERSONNEL
III.1 Several electronic records files and databases accessioned by the National Archives
provide basic biographical and identifying information about Korean War and Cold War prisoners of war and
missing-in-action personnel. Various Federal civilian and military agencies created these records to
assist them in compiling and analyzing casualty statistics or in determining veterans benefits.
Although most of the information in these electronic records files is available for public research, privacy
restrictions do apply to some of the data that relates to living individuals. These restrictions are
noted in the records descriptions that follow. For further information on National Archives electronic
records holdings and access, researchers should contact the Center for Electronic Records, National Archives
at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001.
Record Group
15 - Records of the Veterans Administration
III.2 In 1978 the Veterans Administration undertook a "Study of Former Prisoners of
War" to fulfill requirements of the Veterans' Disability Compensation and Survivors Benefits Act of 1978.
an important product of this study was the Repatriated American Prisoners of War File, which, in
1980, consisted of 109,841 record entries pertaining to repatriated World War II, Korean War, and apparently
some Cold War era POWs (such as the crew members of the U.S.S. Pueblo). After completing the
former prisoner-of-war study, the Veterans Administration continued to enter and update records to this data
file to aid in processing benefit requests from former POWs. Therefore, when the VA transferred the
Repatriated American Prisoners of War File to the National Archives in 1986, it had grown to 122,390 POW
records, an addition of 12,549 entries. Among the new entries were records relating to Iran hostage
crisis prisoners. (The National Archives has not accessioned earlier versions of this data file.)
III.3 Each record includes data elements that may provide the following information on
specific prisoners of war: 1. name; 2. service number; 3. claim number; 4. Social Security number; 5. dates
of birth and death; 6. period of service [service dates]; 7. branch of service; 8. dates of capture and
release; 9. prisoner-of-war camp; 10. folder location; 11. entitlement code; 12. dependency information; 13.
disability and compensation codes; 14. diagnostic codes; 15. detaining power; and 16. days incarcerated.
III.4 Information in this file apparently originated from a number of sources,
including the National Archives and Records Administration, the Department of Defense, and the Veterans
Administration. For example, data pertaining to World War II veterans came from punchcards in the
National Archives. (The converted punchcard records for repatriated World War II U.S. military
prisoners of war are also available as separate electronic records files: one file each for the European and
Pacific Theaters. Records Relating to Personal Participation in World War II: American Prisoners of
War and Civilian Internees, Reference Information Paper 80, compiled by Ben DeWhitt and Jennifer Davis
Heaps [Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1992], pp. 8-9, includes a description
of these files.)
III.5 Records in the Repatriated American Prisoners of War File pertaining to
Korean War POWs reportedly originated from typewritten lists that each military service maintained.
From these records, the VA also created a separate Korean War POW electronic records file known as the
Repatriated Korean Conflict Prisoners of War File. This accessioned data file is described in
paragraph III.9-III.10.
III.6 The Office of the Secretary, Department of Defense, supplied information about
repatriated Vietnam POWs for use in the Repatriated American Prisoners of War File.
III.7 Because this file includes medical and compensation information about
individuals, as well as information about dependents of former POWs, many of whom are still alive, the
National Archives and Records Administration will not release data elements in the file which would invade
the privacy of an individual (36 CFR 1256.16).
III.8 The Center for Electronic Records also maintains a microfiche copy of a computer
printout of records from the Repatriated American Prisoners of War File. The date of the
microfiche is August 7, 1986. The fiche are in two groups: "deceased POWs" (22 micofiche) and "living
POWs" (54 microfiche). Records in the two groups of microfiche are sorted alphabetically by last name.
The last names in the first four records of the "living POWs" microfiche begin with a blank, causing the
records not to be in alphabetical order. the microfiche contain coded information identical to that in
the electronic records, so the same documentation must be used to interpret the coded information in the
microfiche records. Information reported in the microfiche with records for the "deceased POWs" is
open; microfiche with records for "living POWs" have restrictions on access.
III.9 As noted in paragraph III.5, one by-product of the "Study of Former
Prisoners of War" was the Repatriated Korean Conflict Prisoners of War File, which consists of 4,447
electronic records whose data elements may provide the following information about specific POWs: 1. name;
2. service number; 3. Social Security number; 4. dates of capture and release; and 5. prisoner of war camp.
III.10 The VA gathered this information from typewritten lists maintained by each military
service branch. Because many of the individuals identified in this file are still alive, the National
Archives and Records Administration withholds the Social Security number before releasing records on
specific prisoners of war, or the entire file, to the public.
III.11 More detailed information on these Record Group 15 POW data files, and the VA
"Study of Former Prisoners of War," is available in the Veterans Administration publication titled POW:
Study of Former Prisoners of War (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1980), 184 pp., compiled
by the Studies and Analysis Service of the VA's Office of Planning and Program Evaluation. This study
reports results from the use of the Repatriated American Prisoners of War File in the Veterans
Administration's "Study of Former Prisoners of War."
Record Group
319 (Part III) - Records of the Army Staff
III.12 The Index to RECAP-K [Returned or Exchanged Captured American
Personnel-Korea] Phase III Interrogation Reports is an index to the interrogation reports of military
personnel involved in the Little Switch and Big Switch POW repatriation operations at the
conclusion of the Korean War (see paragraphs II.63-64). The index originated on punchcards.
Staff of the National Archives migrated the punchcard records to a magnetic format. There are
electronic records for approximately 4,000 individuals.
III.13 Data elements in the records may include the following: 1. name; 2. serial (service)
number; 3. date of birth; 4. camp code; 5. dossier number; and 6. rank.
Record Group
330 (Part III) - Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense
III.14 The Korean Conflict Casualty File (KCCF) contains selected descriptive data
about U.S. military personnel who died by hostile means as a result of the Korean War. There is one
record for each individual, 336,642 in all. The dates of death range from 1950 to 1957. The file
includes 4,521 records for military personnel who were declared dead while missing and 2,415 records for
military personnel who were declared dead while in captured status.
III.15 The Directorate for Information, Operations, and Reports, Washington Headquarters
Services, a field activity of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, maintains a centralized information
source within the Department of Defense for memorialization and other public issuances. The KCCF is
the database used to respond to requests regarding Korean War casualties and is the companion information
source to the [Southeast Asia] Combat Area Casualties Database in the Records of the Office of the
Secretary of Defense (Record Group 330). Each of the four military services contributed to the
creation of the KCCF. The DD Form 1300, "Report of Casualty," is the usual source of information about
casualties in the KCCF. The version of the KCCF records in the National Archives is from 1980; access
to the records in the file is completely open.
III.16 Individual casualty personnel records in the KCCF include the following
data elements: 1. military service branch of casualty; 2. country of casualty [always Korea]; 3. casualty
group code; 4. file reference number; 5. name of casualty; 6. [record] processing date; 7. service number;
7. military grade or rank; 9. pay grade; 10. date of casualty; 11. service component; 12. home of record
[place and state]; 13. birth date [year only for most records]; 14. cause of casualty, Aircraft Involvement
[air/nonair casualty]; 15. race; 16. sex [all are male]; and 17. citizenship.
III.17 The majority of the records have no meaningful data in the "cause of casualty,
aircraft involvement" data elements. The KCCF names county as the "home of record" for Army and
Air Force casualties; the city, town, or municipality for Navy and Marine Corps casualties.
III.18 The [Southeast Asia] Combat Area Casualties Database (see paragraph
III.15) is described in paragraphs III.13-III.15 of Records Relating to American Prisoners of War and
Missing in Action from the Vietnam War, 1960-1994, Reference Information Paper 90, compiled by Charles
E. Schamel (Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1996), pp. 29-30.
Record Group 407
(Part III) - Records of the Adjutant Generals Office, 1917-
III.19 The Department of the Army transferred the [U.S. Army] Korean War Casualty
File (TAGOKOR) data file to the National Archives in September 1989.
III.20 there are 109,975 records in the TAGOKOR file. The records appear to have
been maintained by the Army during the Korean War. According to analysis of the records by the
variable "type of casualty," 27,727 records identify fatal Army casualties, and 82,248 records pertain to
nonfatal Army casualties. Three fields deal with casualty status: "Type of Casualty," "Group Code [of
casualty type]," and "Detail [previous] Code [of casualty type]." Each of these has codes for "missing
in action" and "prisoner of war." The "Type of Casualty" and "Group Code [of casualty type]" fields
also combine "missing in action" and "prisoner of war" with indicators of death of casualty, or his return
to U.S. military control and duty. For any given casualty record in the TAGOKOR file, then, an
analysis of the "Detail [previous] Code [of casualty type]" with the "Type of Casualty" or "Group Code [of
casualty type]" potentially indicates changes in casualty status over time. In other words, it would
be possible to use TAGOKOR to follow the Army's original classification of a Korean War infantryman as
"missing in action" or "prisoner of war" to his subsequent status change to "returned to military control,"
"killed in action," or "declared dead."
III.21 Data elements for each TAGOKOR record include: 1. name of casualty; 2. service
prefix and number; 3. grade and grade code; 4. [Army] branch; 5. place of casualty; 6. date of casualty; 7.
state and county of residence; 8. type of casualty; 9. detail (previous) code [of casualty type]; 10. group
code [of casualty type]; 11. place of disposition; 12. date of disposition; 13. year of birth (for deceased
casualties only); 14. military occupational specialty (MOS) code; 15. organization TPSN (as well as element
sequence and unit number); 16. race; 17. component; 18. line of duty; and 19. disposition of evacuations.
III.22 The Army originally transferred the [U.S. Army] Casualty Information System,
1961-81 (TAGCEN) data file to the National Archives in 1980. In 1982 the U.S. Army transferred to
the National Archives an updated version of this data file that incorporates records for casualties from
1961 to 1981. NARA uses the 1982 version for reference and reproduction purposes.
III.23 The TAGCEN file (1982) has 293,858 records and covers worldwide mortal and
nonmortal battle and nonbattle casualties for U.S. Army personnel (including U.S. Army dependents, and
active-duty and non-active-duty U.S. Army military personnel). TAGCEN includes numerous duplicate
records. For privacy considerations, the National Archives created a "public use" version of all
records of the TAGCEN database; it does not include the names or service (Social Security) numbers in the
records of nondeceased casualties. In addition, any individual with records in the TAGCEN file can,
with appropriate identification, receive a print copy of his or her TAGCEN records. NARA has also
generated extract printouts for reference use from the TAGCEN file that list only the records of deceased
active-duty Army personnel, some of whom died while in a missing or captured status. Access to these
printouts is unrestricted.
III.24 As with the TAGOKOR file, the TAGCEN file has a number of data elements whose
codes identify casualty status and show changes in casualty status over time. These elements include
the "Category of Casualty," "Current Casualty Status," "Previous Casualty Status," and "Previous Master
Casualty Group." Several different types of indicator codes utilized in these elements pertain to POW
and missing-in-action status.
III.25 TAGCEN data elements include: 1. country of casualty; 2. category of casualty; 3.
master casualty number; 4. Social Security or service number; 5. name; 6. category of personnel; 7. military
grade; 8. military classification/dependent; 9. current casualty status; 10. previous casualty status; 11.
major attributing cause; 12. complimentary cause; 13. vehicle type involved; 14. vehicle position; 15.
vehicle ownership; 16. date of casualty; 17. report processing date; 18. province (of casualty); 19. grid
coordinates; 20. report number; 21. component; 22. military occupation specialty (MOS) code; 23. officer
branch; 24. source of commission; 25. sex and marital status; 26. posthumous promotion; 27. race; 28.
religion; 29. home of record (place and state); 30. birth date; 31. major [Army] organization; 32. date
commenced tour or retired; 33. previous master casualty country; 34. previous master casualty group; 35.
adjustment code; and 36. card-ID/battle determination.
Part IV
Motion Pictures and Sound and Video Recordings Relating to
KOREAN WAR AND COLD WAR PRISONERS OF WAR
AND MISSING-IN-ACTION PERSONNEL
IV.1 Listed and described below, in record group order, are the motion picture, sound, and
video media series that contain footage relating to American POWs and MIAs from the Korean War and the Cold
War era. Each description includes a note on relevant finding aids. Access to these records is
generally open, but there are important copyright restrictions that govern use and reproduction of donated
materials such as newsreels and broadcast sound recordings produced by private corporations.
Additional information about National Archives motion picture, sound and video records can be obtained from
the Motion Picture, Sound, and Video Branch at the National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road,
College Park, MD 20740-6001.
Record Group 46
(Part IV) - Records of the U.S. Senate
IV. 2 Videotapes of the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, 1991-92 (126
items), include recordings of committee hearings, meetings, and trips; Senate floor coverage of POW/MIA
debate; statements by senators; television news coverage of POW/MIA issues, especially those relating to the
select committee; television documentary and special programs on Vietnam-era POWs/MIAs' segments of "Phil
Donahue," Pat Robertson's "700 Club," "MacNeil/Lehrer," "Dateline," "Unsolved Mysteries," and "Nightline"
shows on POW/MIAs; and videotapes produced privately by family groups, veterans groups, and concerned
individuals. A list of the Senate Select Committee's videotapes can be found in Appendix M of
Records Relating to American Prisoners of War and Missing in Action from the Vietnam War Era, 1960-1994,
Reference Information Paper 90, compiled by Charles E. Schamel (Washington, DC: National Archives and
Records Administration, 1996).
IV.3 The audio-cassette recordings of the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA
Affairs, 1991-92 (151 items), consist of cassette recordings of depositions taken before committee
members or staff. Depositions were taken from former U.S. Government officials, military intelligence
analysts, and a variety of persons interested in POW/MIA issues. Transcripts of the depositions are
among the textual records described in this paper (see paragraph II.12). A list of recordings
in this series can be found in Appendix I of the previously cited Records Relating to American Prisoners
of War and Missing in Action from the Vietnam War, 1960-1994 (see paragraph IV.2)
Record Group 59 (Part IV) - General Records of the Department of State
IV.4 Motion pictures concerning the Pueblo incident, 1968 (2 items),
contain a U.S. Navy produced 16 mm motion picture film ("The Pueblo Incident") that analyzes evidence
used by North Korea to justify seizure of the U.S.S. Pueblo and its crew in January 1968. This
film is listed as item "59 PUEBLO 1" in the Motion Picture, Sound, and Video Branch Preservation
Books (Audio).
IV.5 Sound recordings relating to Military Armistice Commission meetings convened to
discuss repatriation of the U.S.S. Pueblo and its crew, January 24, 1968-December 23, 1968 (31
items), include tape recordings of 29 closed meetings convened by U.S. and North Korean representatives to
discuss terms of release for the U.S.S. Pueblo and its crew. But because these recordings are
security classified, they are unavailable for public research. Another security-classified sound
recording in this series features statements made by Rear Adm. J.V. Smith at the 261st meeting of the
Military Armistice Commission on January 24, 1968. This series also includes an unclassified sound
recording of Cmdr. Lloyd M. Bucher's "confession" as broadcast by Radio Pyongyang on January 25, 1968.
A list of all sound recordings in this series is maintained by the Motion Picture, Sound, and Video Branch.
Record Group
111 (Part IV) - Records of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer
IV.6 Unedited black and white historical film footage, 1941-53 (111 ADC),
contains several motion picture films that provide information about U.S. prisoners of war and casualty
victims from the Korean War. For example, series item 111 ADC 8823 includes silent film footage
of captured American soldiers who were executed by Communist forces during the early months of the Korean
War. The film was shot near Pyongyang on October 25,1 950. Items 111 ADC 8584-8587
include motion picture with sound interviews of identified U.S. soldiers from the 24th Infantry and 1st
Cavalry Divisions who were captured by Chinese Communist forces early in the conflict, held as prisoners of
war, and released or repatriated in the fall of 1950. The interviews were conducted at Zama, Japan,
and at the Tokyo General Hospital on November 29 and 30, 1950. Items 111 ADC 8733, 8822, 8823,
and 8829 include silent footage of numerous American prisoners of war (some wounded, injured, or ill) who
were repatriated, interviewed, or hospitalized at various locations in Korea and Japan in October 1950 and
March 1951.
IV.7 The Motion Picture, Sound, and Video Branch maintains three series of index cards
for the 111 ADC series, including master numerical cards [for series 111 ADC]; subject cards for
[series] 18 CS and 111 ADC; and combined subject cards [for series] 111 ADC and 111 LC.
The master numerical cards are arranged by 111 ADC item number, while the subject cards are arranged
alphabetically by subjects such as "Korean War, 1950-53-[subject subdivision]"; "Prisoners"; "Prisoners,
American"; "Prisoners of War"; and "Atrocities, by Koreans." Information on each card includes a film
title or supplied title, film date, film shooting location, film source information, film type (silent,
sound), film physical information (footage, color or black and white, etc.), and detailed film scene
descriptions (film setting, subjects, actions, etc.). Researchers who use the subject cards should
understand that they also refer to motion picture films that have not been accessioned by the National
Archives and Records Administration.
IV.8 Unedited black and white and color documentary film footage, 1953-80 (111 LC),
includes several motion picture film interviews of American prisoners of war from the Korean War who were
repatriated during Operations Little Switch and Big Switch. Many of the interviewees are
identified. The interviews were conducted at various locations, including: Tripler Army Hospital,
Territory of Hawaii, May 5, 1953 (111 LC 32573, 32574 and 32575); Munsan-ni POW repatriation camp,
Korea, August 27, 1953 (111 LC 33539); Tokyo Army Hospital and the 121st Army Evacuation Hospital,
Seoul, South Korea, October 1953 (111 LC 34230) and Hickam Air Force Base, May 1, 1953, and June 1-2,
1953 (111 LC 32566). Other items in series 111 LC include several silent film scenes of
American prisoners of war as they returned to freedom in South Korea; recuperated in Army hospitals; arrived
at several different military transit facilities in Japan, the Territory of Hawaii, and the United States;
and processed through these facilities. There is silent film footage of repatriated prisoners of war
(some of whom are identified) at the following locations: Travis Air Force Base, CA, April 29, 1953 (111
LC 32393) and May 6-7, 1953 (111 LC 32713 and 32834); Tokyo, Japan, August 8, 1953 (111 LC
33496); Tokyo Army Hospital, April 20-22, 1953 (111 LC 32384 and 32468), and October 8, 1954 (111
LC 36551); Tokyo Army Hospital and Freedom Village, Munsan-ni, South Korea, August 15, 1953 (111 LC
33625); the 509th Replacement Center, Inchon, Korea, August 22 and 28 and September 9, 1953 (111 LC
33734 and 33917); Panmunjom and Freedom Village at Munsan-ni, South Korea, April 1953 (111 LC 32500,
32502, 32506, and 32530) and August 8, 1953 (111 LC 33495); Tachikawa Air Force Base, Japan, August
7, 1953 (111 LC 33755); Seoul, South Korea, October 1953 (111 LC 34231); 8167th Army Hospital,
Tokyo, August 1953 (111 LC 333548, 33474, 33795); Fort Mason, CA, September 5, 1953 (111 LC
33676), and September 23, 1953 (111 LC 33874); Fort Mason and the Presidio of San Francisco, CA,
August 23, 1953 (111 LC 33530); the USHS Haven, San Francisco, September 4, 1953 (111 LC
33697); Hickam Air Force Base, Territory of Hawaii, April 28, 1953 (111 LC 32590, 32592-32594), and
June 1-2, 1955 (111 LC 40011); and Fort DeRussy, Territory of Hawaii, May 1 and 5, 1953 (111 LC
32521). This series also includes silent motion picture depictions of the December 23, 1968, arrival,
reception, processing, and departure of Cmdr. Lloyd Bucher and the crew of the U.S.S. Pueblo at the
121st Army Evacuation Hospital in South Korea.
IV.9 The Motion Picture, Sound, and Video Branch maintains three series of index cards for
the 111 LC series, including master numerical cards; combined subjects [cards for series 18 CS and
111 ADC]; and color subjects [cards for series 111 LC]. The numerical cards are arranged by
111 LC item number, while the subject cards are arranged alphabetically by subjects, such as "Atrocities,
Korea"; "Prisoners"; "Prisoners, American"; "Prisoners of War"; and "Korean War-Prisoners of War."
Information on each card provides a film title or supplied title, film date, film shooting location, film
source information, film type (silent, sound), film physical information (footage, color or black and white,
etc.), and detailed film scene descriptions (film setting, subjects, actions, etc.). Some motion
picture films identified in the 111 LC subject and numerical cards have not been accessioned by the
National Archives and Records Administration.
IV.10 Motion picture index cards (111 LC) from the period 1963-80 (LC
numbers 47601-59000) have been entered into the National Archives Information Locator (NAIL) database.
As a result, researchers can locate individual motion pictures in this series through searches of the NAIL
database by field or field combinations such as film title, item number, and descriptive term or keyword.
Record
Group 127 (Part IV) - Records of the U.S. Marine Corps
IV. 11 Unedited black and white and color film, ca. 1920s-1980 (127 USMC),
which is divided into 16 mm and 35 mm film format segments, contains extensive footage that documents
military activities at Munsan-ni and Freedom Village in Korea, where United Nations Command prisoners of war
were repatriated at the end of the Korean War. The 16 mm film footage of repatriation activities
includes scenes that show American POWs arriving at Freedom Village during Operations Little Switch
and Big Switch, receiving medical attention, being interviewed, eating, relaxing, processing through,
and departing (16 mm series items numbered 127 USMC 1845 through 1847, 1898, 1912, 1914, 1944 and
1945). Several 35 mm motion picture films in this series provide additional coverage of Little
Switch and Big Switch activities at Munsan-ni and Freedom Village (35 mm series items 127 USMC
1270 through 1274, 1293, 1305, 1344, 1371, 1373, 1382 through 1386, 1407, 1409, 1413, 1415, 1415 and 1422).
These 35 mm items provide more coverage of individual Marine Corps POWs. Consequently, the names of
many of these servicemen are featured as cross-reference headings in the 127 USMC subject catalog cards.
(Surname heading cards are arranged alphabetically under "Personalities" in the 127 USMC subject card
catalog.) The subject cards refer to specific 127 USMC master catalog card descriptions that
provide content descriptions of each film in the 127 USMC series. In cases where subject
catalog cards list POWs by name, the corresponding master catalog card will usually describe scenes in which
that POW appears.
IV.12 Broader subject access to 127 USMC film footage of Korean War POWs is
also possible. For example, the "Marine Corps Picture Authority Film Book" lists general subject
terms, such as "Prisoners-POW-Korea" or "Prisoners-Repatriation." These terms are among those used in
the 127 USMC subject catalog cards to index master catalogue card film descriptions that relate to
Korean War POWs.
IV.13 One final note about the 127 USMC indexes. Because the 127 USMC
film series is divided into 16 mm and 35 mm format segments, subject and master catalogue cards for that
series are also divided into 16 mm and 35 mm sections. The Motion Picture, Sound, and Video Branch has
compiled an informational handout that explains the contents and formats of 127 USMC catalog cards,
the authority film book, and their functional interrelationships.
Record
Group 242 (Part IV) - National Archives Collection of Foreign Records Seized
IV.14 This record group includes two North Korean-produced motion pictures of American
prisoners of war who were held by Communist forces during the Korean War.
- 242 MID 5312, "American Prisoners in North Korea-Pyongyang."
- 242 MID 5401, "American Prisoners of Seoul."
IV.15 Both films feature close up shots of individual subjects, but there are no
captions or other personal details that would assist in identifying specific prisoners of war.
IV.16 All 242 MID motion picture master catalog cards have been entered into
the NAIL database.
Record Group 263
(Part IV) - Records of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
IV.17 Sound recordings of live speeches or statements on monitored foreign broadcasts,
with related records [transcripts], 1950-75 (3,100 items and 23 ft. of textual records), consist largely
of mixed format audio recordings of foreign radio broadcast statements and speeches made by world leaders,
American POWs, defectors, political dissidents, and captured American spies. The recordings were made
by various bureaus of the CIA's Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS). Most of the recordings
are of broadcasts that originated in Communist governed countries, and many of these involve statements and
messages of American POWs captured during the wars in Korea and Vietnam. There are other recordings of
Americans who fell into the hands of Communist governments as the result of various Cold War confrontations,
such as the U.S.S. Pueblo incident of 1968. This series also includes transcripts for most of the POW
broadcast statements, and a prisoner-of-war name index that provides cross-references to CIA broadcast
recording series and item numbers. In addition, the NAIL database provides researchers with the
ability to conduct field searches of POW broadcast statements by name of POW, date of statement, FBIS
recording title, the recording series/item number, or by any combination of these fields.
Record Group 306 (Part IV) - Records of the U.S. Information Agency
IV. 18 Two motion picture films in this record group relate to prisoners of war and
military prisoners in Korea.
- Item 306.00745, "American Fliers Released from Captivity," is undated, silent footage of two
Americans returning to U.S. control at Panmunjom. Scene images suggest that the film was shot
sometime between 1958 and 1965.
- Item 306.06007, "Prisoners of War 'POWs' in Korea," consists of undated spliced footage of
captured American POWs from the Korean War.
Record Group
330 (Part IV) - Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense
IV.19 Two sound recordings in this record group focus on "brainwashing" of American
prisoners of war in the Korean War.
- Item 330.291, "'Brainwashing' and the American Prisoner of War in Korea," Lecture, November 27,
1956 (74 minutes).
- Item 330.180, "'Brainwashing,' Story of an American POW in Korea" (24 minutes).
IV.20 Another sound recording, "Why Did Twenty-one GIs Stay in Korea," 1954, (30
minutes) (Item 330.165B), focuses on American voluntary nonrepatriates. This sound recording
was produced as part of the "Service Chaplains" series.
Record Group
335 (Part IV) - Records of the Office of the Secretary of the Army
IV.21 During World War II, and again from 1953 to 1974, the Army Command Information
Unit produced The Army Hour as a public service radio program series. It was distributed
by various radio networks and the Armed Forces Radio and Television Service. The National Archives
holds sound recordings of several broadcasts of The Army Hour, including those that were heard
on stations of the Mutual Broadcasting System (335 AHM). In 1953 and 1954, The Army Hour
featured the following program interviews with former Korean War POWs:
- Item 335 AHM 7 (September 24, 1953). Maj. Gen. William Frisbie Dean, describing his POW
experience at a Tokyo news conference.
- Item 335 AHM 11 (October 23, 1953). Lt. Michael Dowe, relating how U.S. soldiers faced up
to being Korean POWs.
- Item 335 AHM 25 (January 28, 1954). At Fort Dix, NJ, Lt. Pat Milatoni describing his
experiences as a POW of the Chinese Communists.
IV.22 Program summaries for The Army Hour (335 AHM), have been entered
into the National Archives Information Locator (NAIL) database. As a result, individual program
descriptions can be searched by date, subject, and name of program guest or participant. The Motion
Picture, Sound, and Video Branch also holds program scripts and textual summaries for several of The Army
Hour broadcasts.
Record Group 342 (Part IV) - Records of U.S. Air Force Commands,
Activities, and Organizations
IV. 23 Unedited black and white and color film, ca. 1942-ca. 1981 (342 USAF),
include silent, black and white, North Korean combat footage captured during the Korean War that
shows unidentified U.S. and South Korean prisoners of war (342 USAF 20420); several reels of silent,
black and white film (342 USAF 20535) that feature repatriation scenes of identified and unidentified
American and other United Nations Command prisoners of war from the Korean War at Munsan-ni village and K-16
Air Base, Korea, and Tachikawa Air Base, Japan, during Operation Little Switch in April 1953; and
eight reels of silent, color film footage (342 USAF 33934) of the return (through various Florida
locations) and processing (December 21-24, 1962) of "1,113 Cuban prisoners who participated in the Bay of
Pigs Invasion." Although complete indexes are not yet available for all of the films in this series,
there are substantial runs of 342 USAF subject catalog and master catalog cards in the Motion
Picture, Sound, and Video Branch research room. The master numerical catalog cards are currently being
entered into the NAIL database.
Record
Group 428 (Part IV) - General Records of the Department of the Navy, 1947 -
IV.24 Unedited color and black and white film, 1941-ca. 1980 (428 NPC),
includes several motion picture film items that document Korean War POW repatriation activities, and the
return, in December 1968, of Navy Cmdr. Lloyd Bucher and the crew of the U.S.S. Pueblo. Several series
items document the repatriation of American POWs from the Korean War at Munsan-ni, Korea, during Operation
Little Switch (428 NPC 153, 158, 161, 186, 263) and Operation Big Switch (428 NPC
428, 532, 823, 1926, 2578, 3100, 3101, 3355, 3358, 3363, 3749, 4713, 4716). This footage, mostly
silent, features scenes and closeups of unidentified, returning prisoners of war. Item 428 NPC
4409 includes scenes of POWs returning to San Francisco. There are many other motion picture film
items in this series that document POW interviews conducted by United Nations officials and reporters from
the major American broadcasting networks. On most films, the interviewees are identified.
Interviews for which there are also motion picture soundtracks are 428 NPC 68, 94, 1650, 1668, 3109,
3112, 3117, 3122-3124, 3326, 3322, 3661, 3662, 3697, 3702, 3752, 3755, 3764, 4271, 4274, 4278, 4279, 4284,
4289, 4307, 4309, 4310, 4347, 4348, 4909, 5481, and 6638. Silent motion picture footage of interviews
can be found in the following series items: 428 NPC 183, 1638, 1880, 1920, 3114, 3141, and 3362.
IV.25 Item 428 NPC 41277 features scenes of a Navy homecoming ceremony held at the
U.S. Navy Hospital, San Diego, in 1968 for Cmdr. Lloyd Bucher and the crew of the U.S.S. Pueblo.
IV.26 The basic finding aids for 428 NPC are subject catalogue cards and master
catalog cards that provide information on a particular film item's size and format, along with detailed film
scene descriptions. Many of these catalog cards list the identity of specific individuals who appear
in particular 428 NPC motion picture footage. Because 428 NPC catalog card information
has been entered into the NAIL database, researchers can use that database to locate 428 NPC film
footage that pertains to a specific individual. Consequently, many of the filmed Korean War POW
interviews in this series can be located by POW name and series designator (428 NPC) field searches
of the NAIL database. NAIL will also accommodate broad subject category searches of 428 NPC
catalog card descriptions under such terms as "Prisoners" or "Prisoners of War" linked to historical topics
such as "Korean War."
Donated Material (Part IV)
IV.27 The collections of donated motion picture film that contain Cold War and Korean War
era POW/MIA information are primarily commercial newsreels and documentary footage. Examples from the
Motion Picture, Sound, and Video Branch holdings include the following items:
IV.27a Paramount News, October 1941-March 1957 (200 PN)
- July 29, 1953 (200 PN 9.93), Part 3, Korean War, shows American POWs who were reportedly
murdered.
- December 26, 1951 (200 PN 11.36), Part 5, includes scenes of families across the United States
who received word that their sons were imprisoned by the Communists in Korea.
- April 22, 1953 (200 PN 12.72), features scenes of POW exchanges in Korea: POWs liberated from
Communist captivity arriving at Panmunjom in ambulances; the loading of litter cases into helicopters;
Generals Mark Clark and Maxwell Taylor greeting POWs as they arrive in Munsan-ni; shots of exchangees as
they are taken into interrogation huts for questioning about their treatment as prisoners; and other
scenes of exchanged American POWs as they deplane, or are carried, from C-97 Stratofreighters at Tokyo's
Haneda Airport.
- April 29, 1953 (200 PN 12.74), Part 1, shows released POWs as they board C-97 Stratofreighters
at Tokyo's Haneda Airport, deplane at Honolulu's Hickam Field, fly over Golden Gate Bridge, and land at
Travis AFB, CA, as well as POW greetings at New York City, Boston, and Philadelphia airports.
- October 28, 1953 (200 PN13.22), Part 3, captured Communist film, shows U.S. POWs
"confessing" to germ warfare charges in the presence of North Korean interrogators.
- December 30, 1953 (200 PN 13.40), "review of 1953" includes scenes of prisoner exchanges and
armistice talks in South Korea.
- August 10, 1954 (200 PN 14.103), Part 4, shows U.S. fliers near Hong Kong after their release
by Chinese Communists.
- August 31, 1955 (200 PN 15.5), Part 3, shows the release of a wounded U.S. pilot by the North
Koreans to U.N. officials at Seoul, Korea.
IV.27b Movietone News, January 1957-October 1963 (200 MN)
- 1963 (volume 46, number 65) (200 MN 46.65), Part 2, "Korea Truce Ten Years Old" includes scenes
of prisoner-of-war exchanges and GIs returning to the United States.
IV.27c Universal Newsreel, ca. July 1929-ca. December 1967 (200 UN)
- The Universal Newsreel collection, including outtakes, was donated to the National Archives and
Records Administration in its entirety. Individual reels contain coverage of the Korean War, with
some footage of American POWs from that conflict. The collection includes an extensive donor-created
card catalog that is available on microfilm. A brochure describing the Universal Newsreel collection
can be obtained from the Motion Picture, Sound, and Video Branch.
IV.28 Many newsreel items are listed and described in the Motion Picture, Sound, and
Video Branch main card catalog (subjects) under such terms as "Korean War, 1950-53-Prisoners of War,
American" and "Korean War, 1950-1953-Prisoner Exchange." Most catalog card newsreel descriptions
are in the National Archives Information Locator (NAIL) database, and can be searched under numerous topical
terms, including "American prisoners," or under "prisoners of war" in combination with historical subjects
such as "Korean War," "Korean Conflict," or "Korea" and with the series designator (200 MN, 200 MT,
etc.). Most of the motion picture newsreel series are also indexed by their own subject and main entry
catalog cards. The Motion Picture, Sound, and Video Branch can provide researchers with more detailed
information on National Archives holdings of newsreel film series and finding aids.
IV.29 Over the years, the Motion Picture, Sound, and Video Branch has also acquired
extensive collections of radio and television news and special program broadcasts. Three of the
largest and most complete are the National Public Radio (NPR) news and special programs collection,
1971-78 (200 NPR); the CBS television news and special programs collection, April 1,
1974-present (200 CBS); and the ABC Radio collection, 1943-79 (200 ABC). it
is likely that all of these series contain some interviews with former Korean War POWs and a few special
news programs devoted to Cold War POW issues. In 200 ABC, for example, items 200 ABC
23209 and 200 ABC 28283 include two interviews with U-2 spy plane pilot Francis Gary Powers, who was
shot down and captured during a 1960 reconnaissance mission over Russia, subsequently tried and convicted of
war crimes against the Soviet Union, and later repatriated through a diplomatic exchange of personnel.
There is a subject index for the ABC Radio collection in the Motion Picture, Sound, and Video
Research Room. Access to the NPR news and special programs broadcasts is through a microfiche catalog
that lists broadcasts by broad subject ("keywords" such as "war"), date, name, and program title. News
broadcasts and specials in the CBS collection are indexed in the Vanderbilt Television News Archives
Television News Index and Abstracts, copies of which are available in the National Archives Motion
Picture, Sound, and Video Research Room and in most major research libraries.
IV.30 Other donated materials include:
- Item 200 G 753 (sound recording), Prisoner of War: A Study in Survival, June 9, 1958,
Columbia Broadcasting System, Mutual Broadcasting System (2 reels, 58 minutes), consisting in part of a
detailed report, narrated by Edward R. Murrow, on life in a Communist prisoner-of-war camp in North Korea
(POW Camp Number 5). Murrow's report incorporates interview segments of former American POWs who
describe capture, treatment, indoctrination techniques, resistance, interrogation methods, and witnessed
acts of collaboration at Camp Number 5. This Murrow documentary is part of the David Goldin
Collection series of programs aired by armed forces radio and commercial radio networks, 1932-ca. 1972
(200 G).
- Item 200.380 (motion picture), The Red Cross Report, 1954, American National Red
Cross (16 mm black and white, 13 minutes), which includes a short narrated segment on Red Cross workers
greeting returned prisoners of war in Korea and assisting servicemen and their families.
PART V
Still Picture Records Relating to
KOREAN WAR AND COLD WAR PRISONERS OF WAR
AND MISSING-IN-ACTION PERSONNEL
V.I Still picture records at the National Archives and Records Administration are another
source of visual information about Korean War/Cold War prisoners of war and missing-in-action personnel.
There are, for example, numerous captioned photographs of American prisoners of war from the Korean War who
were repatriated in Operations Little Switch and Big Switch. Other photographs portray the return to
the United States of Cuban invaders who were captured and imprisoned by Cuban military forces during the
1961 Bay of Pigs invasion. There are also a few images that focus on the rescue of American military
personnel whose aircraft were shot down by Soviet planes over waters that separate Japan from the east coast
of Russia. As with motion picture, sound recording, and video items, most still picture records are
available for unrestricted research and copying. Copyright restrictions may exist, however, for
several accessioned still picture images that were originally acquired by Federal agencies from private,
commercial sources. Further information on the availability and duplication of National Archives still
picture images can be obtained from the Still Picture Branch, National Archives at College Park, 8601
Adelphia Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001.
Record
Group 80 (Part V) - General Records of the Department of the Navy, 1798-1947
V.2 The general photographic file of the Department of the Navy, 1900-58
(series 80 G) (ca. 1,625 ft. of original negatives), includes approximately 700,000 negatives and
matching prints of naval ships, shipboard activities, American and foreign naval aircraft, military and
civilian personalities, and naval engagements and actions. Numerous photographic items in this series
document naval actions and personalities in the Korean War. "Visual aid" card indexes to this series
include series 428 VX and WX (alphabetically arranged personality indexes, maintained in the
Still Picture Branch records stacks) and the index to the general photographic file of the Department of
the Navy, 1900-58 (80 GG). Series 80 GG is an alphabetically arranged subject index
that is available in the Still Picture Research Room. It includes references to over 300 unique
photographs of Korean War prisoners of war under such terms as "Prisoners of War," "Prisoners of War,
Exchange of," "Prisoners of War-U.N.," "Prisoners of War-U.S.," "Prisoners of War-Released," "Operation 'Big
Switch'," and "Operation 'Little Switch.'" Most of the POW-related photographs are of individual
Marine Corps and Navy prisoners of war as they were repatriated at Panmunjom and Munsan-ni village during
Operations Little Switch and Big Switch, Series 80 G index card and photographic image
captions usually identify individual servicemen.
Record Group 111
(Part V) - Records of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer
V.3 The series of color photographs of Signal Corps activity, 1944-82 (111 C)
(ca. 450 ft. of original negatives, slides, and transparencies), provides images of combat, Army posts,
equipment, guns and weapons, aircraft, military exercises, military units and Special Forces, medical
facilities, military ceremonies, American and foreign prisoners of war, foreign landscapes and populations,
foreign armies and equipment, and art work depicting World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. Typed captions
appear on the back of prints. Most negatives, transparencies, and slides also have captions noted
either on envelope jackets or on accompanying slips of paper. This series contains over 102,000
images, arranged by Signal Corps assigned "C" or "CC" numbers.
V.4 The major finding aid for this series is the index to U.S. Army Signal Corps color
photographs relating to American military activity, ca. 1942-ca. 1983 (111 CX) (112 ft.).
This index series, located in the Still Picture Research Room, consists of two chronological sections
(1942-54 and 1955-83) or alphabetically arranged subject card indexes. Under such terms as "Operation
'Big Switch,'" "Operation Little Switch," "Prisoners of War, Repatriated," and "Prisoners
Released, American," the 1942-54 section lists references to approximately 14 series 111 C images of
repatriated prisoners of war from the Korean War. Most of these POWs are Army personnel. All of
these images have captions, which usually include the individual POW's name.
V.5 Several 111 C derivative series organize images into subject special categories.
Negatives, slides, transparencies, and--in most cases--corresponding contact prints are filed in the primary
111 C series, but additional copies of relevant prints can be found in the derivative series. One of
these series, the color print subject file, 1944-54 (111 CPF) (ca. 15 ft.), consists of approximately
3,500 color prints and some black and white prints made from color negatives and transparencies that
document and publicize U.S. Army activities during and after World War II and the Korean War. These
images are arranged by subject and include approximately 20 unique black and white photographic prints of
Army POWs from the Korean War who were repatriated during Operations Little Switch and Big Switch.
These images are filed under "Korea-POW-Exchange-'Little Switch'" and "Korea-POW-Exchange-'Big
Switch'" (box 19). A 111 CPF subject, folder, and box list is available in the Still
Picture Research Room. None of the other 111 C derivative series contain significant
documentation pertaining to Korean War/Cold War POW/MIA research issues.
V.6 Signal Corps photographs of American military activity, ca. 1900-ca. 1981
(111 SC) (2,054 ft. of original negatives), is a large series of over 680,000 black and white
photographic negatives and corresponding prints covering events that occurred during the 1754 to 1981
period. The series is arranged in numerical order by Signal Corps photo number. The images are
indexed by subject in the index to U.S. Army Signal Corps black and white photographs in series 111 SC,
ca. 1900-ca. 1981 (111 SCY), a card index that is available in the Still Picture Research Room.
The 111 SCY subjects such as "Prisoners of War" (with various subheadings), "Operation 'Little
Switch,'" and "Operation 'Big Switch'" cite over 400 images that pertain to U.S. Army prisoners
of war from the Korean War. Most of these POWs are identified. In addition, there are citations
to an additional 200 images pertaining to "Atrocities" and "Atrocities, Communist," which include black and
white photographs of apparently executed American military personnel captured by Communist forces early in
the Korean War. These "atrocity" photographs generally contain no identification of individual
victims.
V.7 U.S. Army Signal Corps photographs of military activity during WWII, Korea, and
Vietnam, 1941-81 (111 SCA) (ca. 1,280 ft.), consist of over 600,000 black and white photographic
prints arranged in 7,717 albums and 9 boxes. Photographs are arranged in albums by broad categories
such as "Army Posts," "Geographic Locations," "Aerial Views," "Army Maneuvers," "Branch of Service,"
"Personalities," "Subjects," and "Overseas Geographical Areas," and thereunder by more refined subject
headings. The albums are numbered sequentially. The most valuable finding aid for 111 SCA
is a six-volume album subject list, located in the Still Picture Research Room. The list cites seven
photographic volumes that contain captioned photographs of repatriated U.S. prisoners of war from the Korean
War (mostly identified Army personnel) who were repatriated through either South Korea or Japan. These
photographic volumes are as follows:
- 4950-4951 "Prisoners-Operation 'Big Switch'" Books 1 and 2 (4 in.)
- 4952-4953 "Prisoners-Operation 'Little Switch'" Books 1 and 2 (4 in.)
- 4961-4962 "Prisoners, Released-American-Korea" (4 in.). Photographic images of American
prisoners of war liberated or repatriated from the beginning of the Korean War through Operation Big
Switch. Volume 4962 contains images of repatriated crew members from the B-29 commanded by Air
Force Col. John K. Arnold, Jr. That volume also contains photographic prints of other American
service personnel who were captured and subsequently released by North Korean military forces during and
after the Korean War through 1964.
- 4971 "Prisoners, Released-Non-Repatriated" (2 in.). Five images in this volume feature the
October 1953 repatriation of Cpl. Edward Dickenson, identified on photographic captions as the "first
non-repatriated [Korean War voluntary nonrepatriated] POW of the Communists to return to U.S. control."
Record
Group 127 (Part V) - Records of the U.S. Marine Corps
V.8 Photographs of Marine Corps activities in Korea, 1950-58 (127 GK) (ca. 21
ft.), consist of approximately 14,000 images (mostly black and white) that document Marine Corps combat and
noncombat activities in Korea both during and after the Korean War. Series photographs are organized
according to Marine Corps-devised numeric groups (or "dividers") corresponding to subject categories.
Some of the larger subject categories are subdivided into more refined subject headings, and thereunder
generally in alphabetical order by subject categories. Included within 127 GK, dividers 65 and
165, are approximately 130 captioned images that identify Marine Corps and other United Nations Command
prisoners of war who were repatriated during Operations Little Switch and Big Switch.
There is an alphabetical subject list for series 127 GK in the Still Picture Reference Room.
V.9 Negative images for most of the photographic prints in series 127 GK are
filed in the larger general photograph file of the U.S. Marine Corps, 1927-81 (127 N) (1,417 ft.).
This series contains over 356,000 images (a mixture of black and white and color negatives, slides, and
transparencies). It is a comprehensive pictorial record of Marine Corps history, with emphasis on
combat campaigns, personnel recruitment and training, and personalities from World War II and the Korean War
through the Vietnam War. The alphabetically arranged card indexes to photographs of Marine Corps and
noted civilian personalities, 1927-81 (127 PX) (374 ft.), is the most useful finding aid for series
127 N. The index cards include caption references to noteworthy Marine Corps and civilian
personalities whose names appear on photograph captions in the various Marine Corps photographic series,
along with citations to item numbers for negatives in series 127 N. Among the Marine Corps
personalities identified on these index cards are many of the Marine Corps prisoners of war from the Korean
War who were repatriated during Operations Little Switch and Big Switch.
Record Group 306 (Part V) - Records of the U.S. Information Agency
V.10 The United States Information Agency (USIA) maintained a photo library in which the
centerpiece was a "master file" consisting of photographic prints and negatives that were disseminated
aboard through various press and Government publications. This file, now in NARA custody and referred
to as USIA master file photographs of U.S. and foreign personalities, world events, and American
economic, social, and cultural life, 1948-83 (306 PS) (578 ft.), consists of over 168,000 prints,
slides, and transparencies, with negatives matching most of the black and white items found in the USIA
master file black and white negatives of U.S. and foreign personalities, world events, and American
economic, social and cultural life, 1948-83 (306 N). The series 306 PS is organized
into the following six subseries: 306 PS (1948-early 1960s), PS-A (1948-73), PS-B
(2948-64), PS-C (1948-75; PS-D (1948-72, and PS-E (1973-83). Each of these
subseries has a separate subject and personality card index. These indexes, located in the Still
Picture Branch Research Room, comprise the subject indexes to master file photographs of U.S. and foreign
personalities, world events, and American economic, social, and cultural life, 1948-83 (series 306 X).
Under the terms "Prisoners of War - Korea" and "Prisoners of War - Repatriation," the index for subseries
306 PS cites approximately 150 Command prisoners of war. Citations to an additional 30 images of
mostly unidentified, repatriated United Nations Command POWs can be found under the 306 PS index
subject heading "Prisoners of War-United Nations." A few additional citations to American POWs and
POW/MIA atrocity victims of the Korean War can be located in the 306 PS index under the heading
"Korea-[geographic location]." Under "Prisoners of War-Cuba," the 306 PS index also identifies
a photograph of 3 of the 1,214 captives taken by the Cuban Government during the April 1961 Bay of Pigs
invasion. Two images depicting Bay of Pigs prisoners returning to the United States through Homestead
Air Force Base, FL, on December 24, 1962, are cited in the 306 PS-D index under
"Prisoners-Foreign-Cuba."
V.11 Because the USIA acquired many of its photographs from private, nongovernmental
sources, duplication of many images in the various 306 PS series and subseries may be subject to
copyright restrictions.
Record Group 319
(Part V) - Records of the Army Staff
V.12 Miscellaneous activities of the U.S. Army, 1940-66 (319 SF) (3
ft.), is an assemblage of approximately 2,400 mostly black and white photographs that focus on a variety of
Army activities, functions, and personalities from 1940 to 1966. Series photographs are arranged
alphabetically by subject. Contained in 319 SF are numerous images of the Korean War, including
five photographs of malnourished American POWs released during Operation Little Switch (filed under
"Prisoners Released-Operation 'Little Switch,'" box 5, folder 87). A folder list that
identifies series subjects, correlated to box and folder numbers, is maintained in the Still Picture
Research Room.
V.13 Aerial and panoramic photographs of various countries and the United States, 1942-64
(319 CE) (ca. 10 ft.), is a series of approximately 12,000 captioned, black and white photographs
that are arranged alphabetically by country and thereunder numerically by Signal Corps photograph
identification number. In box 39 of this series, the folder titled "American Casualties-Korea" (1 in.)
includes several detailed photographs, dated 1951, of U.S. Army casualties and possible atrocity victims
from the Korean War whom military authorities may have listed originally as missing in action or as
prisoners of war. Several of these images convey facial features, and unknown casualty ("X" file) case
numbers. Occasionally, photograph captions also provide personal data (casualty's name, rank, unit)
and a general description of the geographic location from which the Army recovered specific remains.
Record
Group 372 (Part V) - Records of U.S. Air Force Commands,
Activities, and Organizations
V.14 The U.S. Air Force Still Photograph Collection, 1903-54, currently on loan from the
Air Force to the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC, apparently includes significant
documentation of Air Force activities and personalities during the early Cold War years. There are,
for example, over 250 feet of black and white prints and color images that are organized into several
categories, including "World War II," "Pre-195," "Pre-1954," "Non-Domestic," "Korean Conflict," and
miscellaneous prints. There are also approximately 18 feet of color negatives and slides (some shot in
Korea), along with approximately 314 feet of black and white negatives. Indexes for this collection
include subject cards that cover Korea, Japan, Germany, color subjects, general subjects, geographic
locations, and personalities. In addition, the National Air and Space Museum has created a series of
videodisc image indexes for black and white prints, color negatives, and slides in this collection.
V.15 Some of these images undoubtedly relate to Korean War and Cold War POWs and MIA
personnel. The National Air and Space museum will soon transfer the Air Force Still Photograph
Collection, 1903-1954, to the Still Picture Branch of the National Archives, where the collection will be
integrated into existing permanently accessioned Air Force photographic series.
V.16 Photographs of U.S. Air Force occupation of Japan and Germany, 1945-62 (342
G [Germany], J [Japan] (ca. 36 ft.), consist of 112 albums of mostly black and white photographic
prints, along with negatives (approximately 7,681 total images) that document various activities associated
with the Air Force presence in allied-occupied Japan and Germany following World War II. The prints
are organized into "J" (Japan) and "G" (Germany) subseries, and arranged thereunder in alphabetical order by
subject. The series includes images of aircraft, geographic features of Germany and Japan, ceremonies,
crews, equipment, bases, weapons, Air Force social activities, and notable personalities. Three
photographic albums (ca. 1 ft.) labeled "Occupation-Japan-Rescues I, II, and III" document Air Force rescues
of various downed American aircraft and their crews, including some shot down by the Soviet Union Air Force
at various Sea of Japan locations. The finding aid for series 342 G, J is the card
index to photographs of the U.S. Air Force occupation of Japan and Germany, 1945-62 (342 GJX)
(ca. 8 ft.). This index is divided into six broad headings ("Germany," "Japan," "Korea," "Okinawa,"
"Ryukyu Islands," and "Personnel"), and arranged thereunder alphabetically by subject or surname. Each
card includes the negative identification number, full caption, and the subject heading under which each
print is filed.
V.17 Photographs of U.S. Air Force activities, facilities, and personnel, domestic and
foreign, 1954-80 (342 B) (ca. 374 ft.), contain over 133,000 images arranged generally in
alphabetical order by subject within 1,927 albums, the first sets of which are organized according to an Air
Force-devised numeric subject scheme, with the remainder organized along geographic lines. The finding
aid for this series is a four-volume master list of numeric album subject headings and alphabetical subject
subheadings. Album 04-050 "Events/Activities, ca. 1954-1974-POWs, Repatriated From Cuba, Vietnam,
Iran" contains five captioned images of Cuban "political prisoners" (some identified) disembarking from
planes at Homestead Air Force Base, FL, in December 1962. Another photograph in the same section of
album 04-050 documents the February 10, 1961, repatriation of unidentified RB-47 pilots whose aircraft had
apparently been shot down by Soviet Union military forces on a date and at a location not specified in the
caption notes. Negatives, slides, and transparencies corresponding to 342 B prints are found in
series 342 AF (black and white) and 342 C (color), with accompanying subject and personality
indexes (series 342 X, Z) located in the Still Picture Branch Research Room.
Record Group
428 (Part V) - General Records of the Department of the Navy, 1947-
V.18 Color and black and white photographs from the post-Korean War period are among
the general photographic files of the Department of the Navy, 1958-81 (2,478 ft.), which consists of
black and white negatives (series 428 N), and color negatives, slides and transparencies (series 428
K and KN). There are two "visual aid" index card compilation series providing access to
these materials: vis-aid index to the general photographic file of the Department of the Navy, 1958-81 (428
GX), and vis-aid index to photographs of U.S. Navy activities, 1957-64 (428 GXA). Cards
in both index series feature miniature prints and are arranged alphabetically by subject. Under
"Prisoners of War-Allied" (series 428 GXA), there are imaged citations to 13 photographs of American
civilian and Navy military personnel who were seized and then released in 1958 by Cuban rebel forces under
the command of Fidel Castro.
V.19 The Still Picture Branch maintains a useful, unpublished guide to all National
Archives Still Picture Branch sources documenting U.S. involvement in the Korean Peninsula, 1945-54.
This nine-part guide, divided by topics, consists of approximately 1 foot of still picture series
descriptions, electrostatic copy samples of captioned and numbered photographs, and other records or
information pertaining to various aspects of American involvement in Korea after World War II. Folder
VI of the guide focuses on representative still images that relate to "Death; Atrocities; Cemeteries; Havoc
of War; Peace Talks; Press; [and] U.N. POWs." Still Picture Branch staff emphasize that the guide "was
not designed to be exhaustive, just representative" of National Archives still picture holdings on the
Korean War. However, Folder VI does cite POW-related photographic items that did not fit within the
scope of this reference information paper.
V.20 Duplication of some photocopied images in this guide may be restricted, due to
copyright considerations. A copy is available for consultation in the general subjects files of the
Still Picture Research Room.
APPENDIX A
BOX AND FILE LIST, OFFICE OF NAVAL INTELLIGENCE,
OPERATIONS SECTION [POW DESK],
OPERATIONS SECTION FILES, 1949-54
BOX
|
FILE NO.
|
FILE TITLE
|
| 1 |
A16-2/26.00 |
General indeces |
| |
/26.03 |
National military establishment (USSR etc.) |
| |
/26.04 |
Navy in national & intl. affairs (USSR) |
| |
/26.05 |
Navy organization (USSR, NoK, Polish) |
| |
/26.06 |
Navy doctrine & tactics (USSR, DDR, ChiCom) |
|
2 |
/26.09 |
Strength & disposition (USSR) |
| |
/26.10 |
Raw background intelligence (trip reports etc.) |
| |
/26.11.7 |
Naval personnel; training - Chinese |
| |
/26.11.8 |
Naval personnel; training - Satellite |
| |
/26.11.9 |
Naval personnel; training - Russian |
|
3 |
/26.12 |
Naval vessels |
| |
/26.12.8 |
Naval vessels - Satellite |
| |
/26.12.9 |
Naval vessels - Russian |
| |
/26.12.13 |
Naval ordnance and related material |
| |
/26.12.16 |
Port facilities (USSR, Warsaw Pact, Chinese) |
|
4 |
/26.12.16 |
Port facilities (USSR, Warsaw Pact, Chinese) |
| |
/26.17 |
Documents required by personnel |
| |
/26.18 |
Shipbuilding & repairs |
| |
/26.19 |
Logistics |
| |
/26.20 |
Merchant marine (USSR, Korea, Poland) |
|
5 |
/26.21 |
Coastal defenses |
| |
/26.23 |
Communications |
| |
/26.24 |
Scientific research & development |
| |
/26.25 |
Graphic material |
| |
/26.26 |
Biographic; personalities - Satellite |
| |
/26.26 |
Biographic; personalities - Less Sov. & Satellite |
|
6 |
/26.26 |
Biographic; personalities - Soviet |
| |
/26.27.8 |
Prisons & camps - Satellite |
|
7 |
/26.27.9 |
Prisons & camps - USSR |
|
8 |
/26.28 |
Interrogation reports |
|
9 |
/26.28 |
Interrogation reports - State Dept. (Chinese) |
| |
/26.29.7 |
Sociological - Chinese |
| |
/26.29.8 |
Sociological - Satellite |
|
10 |
/26.29.9 |
Sociological - Russian |
| |
/26.31 |
Security Forces |
| |
/26.31.7 |
Security Forces - Chinese |
|
11 |
/26.31.8 |
Security Forces - Satellite |
| |
/26.31.9 |
Security Forces - Russian (conditions in camps) |
| |
/27.00 |
Treatment of prisoners-general (Geneva Convntn.) |
|
12 |
/27.02 |
Treatment of POWs - Joint US |
| |
/27.04 |
Treatment of POWs - Navy |
| |
/27.06 |
Treatment of POWs - Army/AF |
| |
/27.14 |
Treatment of POWs - Vietminh (US POWs of VM, 1954) |
| |
/27.16 |
Treatment of POWs - Others |
| |
/31.00 |
Interrogation techniques - suggested |
| |
/33.00 |
Interrogation techniques - general |
| |
/33.09 |
Interrogation techniques - escapes |
| |
/33.13 |
Interrogation techniques - German & Russian |
|
13 |
/33.14 |
Interrogations - US/UN by Eastern Europeans |
| |
/33.18 |
Interrogations - US/UN by Asiatics |
| |
/33.19 |
Interrogations - US/UN by Russians |
| |
/33.38 |
Interrogations - Europeans by Satellites |
| |
/33.39 |
Interrogations - Germans by Russians |
|
14 |
/33.39 |
Interrogations - Germans by Russians |
| |
/33.59 |
Interrogations - Japanese by Russians |
| |
/33.71 |
Interrogations - Satellite by UN/US |
|
15 |
/33.88 |
Interrogations - Satellite by Satellite |
| |
/33.89 |
Interrogations - Satellite by Russians |
| |
/33.91 |
Interrogations - Russian by UN/US |
| |
/33.93 |
Interrogations - Russians by Germans |
| |
/33.99 |
Interrogations - Russians by Russians |
| |
/34.00 |
Interview techniques |
| |
/36.00 |
Resistance - Policy |
|
16 |
/36.01 |
Resistance - Correspondence |
| |
/36.02 |
Resistance - Publications, drafts |
| |
/36.04 |
Resistance - Publications, received |
| |
/36.10 |
Resistance - Examples, etc. |
| |
/36.17 |
Resistance - UN/US to Chinese |
| |
/36.39 |
Resistance - German to Russian (includes escapes) |
|
17 |
/36.39 |
Resistance - German to Russian |
| |
/36.59 |
Resistance - Japanese to Russian |
| |
/36.71 |
Resistance - Satellite to UN |
| |
/36.88 |
Resistance - Satellite to Satellite |
| |
/36.89 |
Resistance - Satellite to Russia |
| |
/37.00 |
Resistance training |
| |
/37.01 |
Resistance training - Film |
| |
/37.02 |
Communist indoctrination methods |
| |
/37.03 |
Counter-indoctrination material |
| |
/37.04 |
Underground organizations (USSR) |
|
18 |
/40 |
Training: interrogation, general |
| |
/41.1 |
Trainee candidates and leads |
| |
/41.2 |
Linguists |
| |
/42 |
Training courses, other schools, and units |
| |
/43 |
Training aids |
|
19 |
/43F |
Forms |
| |
/43G |
Foreign glossaries |
| |
/43G |
German glossaries |
| |
/43G9 |
Russian glossaries |
|
20 |
/43.9 |
Training aids - Russia |
| |
/43M |
Medals and decorations |
| |
/50 |
Interrogation operations - general |
| |
/57 |
Foreign interrogation agencies |
| |
/60 |
Collation of interrogation information - general |
| |
/66 |
Editing procedure |
| |
/70 |
Evaluation of interrogation information - general |
| |
/80 |
Dissemination of interrogation information |
| |
/86 |
Report formats |
| |
/90 |
Liaison with other units |
| |
/94 |
Directives; drafts |
| |
/94.1 |
Draft of "ONI 53-3"; POW directive |
|
21 |
/97 |
SHAPE interrogation program |
| |
/97.1 |
Other interrogation programs |
| |
/97.2 |
WRINGER Project |
| |
/98NI |
COMNAVFORGER interrogation program |
| |
/99 |
Proposed publications |
| |
/99.11 |
Proposed Russian glossary project |
| |
/99.12 |
International Handbook of Ships |
| |
/99.12.1 |
International Handbook of Ships - CLs |
| |
/99.12.2 |
International Handbook of Ships - AKAs |
| |
/99.12.3 |
International Handbook of Ships - BBs |
| |
/99.12.4 |
International Handbook of Ships - DDs |
| |
/99.12.5 |
International Handbook of Ships - DEs |
|
22 |
/99.12.6 |
International Handbook of Ships - SSs |
| |
/99.12.7 |
International Handbook of Ships - CVs |
| |
/99G |
Air Intelligence Interrogation Guide |
| |
/99.14 |
International Handbook-Personnel |
| |
/99.21 |
POW Weekly |
| |
/99.51 |
"Combat After Capture" |
|
23 |
A16-11/B |
Biological Warfare |
| |
A16-11/P |
Psychological Warfare |
| |
A16-14/00 |
UN/US POWs - Korea; general and misc. |
| |
/01 |
POW Rosters - Korean War |
|
24 |
/03 |
POW Rosters - American and British |
| |
/04 |
UN/US POW letters and photographs |
| |
/05 |
Bley-POW roster ( propaganda broadcasts by) |
| |
/05 |
Ettinger-POW roster (debriefing) |
| |
/05 |
Ferranto-POW roster (debriefing) |
| |
/05 |
Nixon-POW roster (debriefing) |
|
25 |
/05 |
Schwable-POW roster (propaganda broadcasts by) |
| |
/05 |
Thorin-POW roster (debriefing) |
| |
/05B |
Returnees; sworn statements on |
| |
/05S |
Returnees; sworn statements on |
| |
/05 |
UN POWs; sworn statements concerning |
| |
/06 |
Captured Communist documents |
| |
/10 |
Communist care and handling of US/UN POWs |
|
26 |
/11 |
POW camps (Indochina, Korea, Manchuria, USSR) |
| |
/12 |
Communist treatment and utilization of POWs |
| |
/13 |
Morale (POW camp behavior) |
|
27 |
/20 |
Communist indoctrination |
| |
/22 |
Use of UN/US POWs for propaganda |
| |
/24 |
Communist interrogation methods used by POWs |
|
28 |
/25 |
UN/US resistance to Communist indoctrination |
| |
/33 |
Peace conference |
| |
/40 |
POW exchange |
| |
/41 |
Little Switch Operation Report |
| |
/42 |
Big Switch Operation Report |
| |
/43 |
POW release by Vietminh (US POWs, 1954) |
| |
/50 |
UN/US Non-Repatriates |
| |
/52 |
Involuntary non-repatriates |
| |
/53 |
Neutral Nations Repatriation Committee |
|
30 |
/54 |
Non-repatriates - Communist |
| |
/60 |
Returnees |
| |
/61 |
Processing reports |
| |
/61 |
Debriefing of BRICK personnel |
| |
/61 |
Little Switch debriefing questionnaire |
|
31 |
/63 |
Surveillance |
| |
/64 |
Requirements (debriefing of RECAP-Ks) |
| |
/70 |
UN/US handling and treatment of Communist POWs |
| |
/71 |
UN/US interrogation of Communist POWs |
| |
/81 |
Helicopter loss - Korea (Ettinger, Ferranto, Thorin) |
| |
/82 |
Meritorious conduct |
| |
A19 |
Conferences |
| |
A20 |
Committees |
| |
A27 |
POWs - World War II |
|
32 |
A27 |
"ONI Review" |
| |
A27 |
Evaluation |
| |
SS/EF-37 |
Interrogation of ex-Japanese submariners |
| |
P1 |
Maj. Gen. William F. Dean, USA |
| |
FF |
Fleets, forces, etc. |
| |
ND |
Naval districts |
APPENDIX B
LIST OF NAVY AND MARINE CORPS PERSONNEL REPRESENTED IN
CASE FILES OF AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR
DURING THE KOREAN WAR, 1952-56
BOX
|
NAME
|
RANK
|
SN
|
ORGANIZATION
|
|
1-3 |
Miscellaneous
Interrogation
Summaries
(Other Services) |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
Aguirre, Andrew C. |
CPL |
954669 |
B Company, 1st Tank Battalion |
| |
Amann, Emanuel R. |
CAPT |
038140 |
VMF 323 MAG 12 |
| |
Antonis, Nick J. |
PFC |
1056431 |
B Company, 1st Tank Battalion |
| |
Arias, Robert R. |
CPL |
1106934 |
E-2-7* |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
Armstrong, Samuel J. |
PFC |
1783348 |
H-3-5 |
| |
Atkinson, Edward R. |
CPL |
1126839 |
A-1-7 |
| |
Aviles, Pedro E. |
PFC |
1278492 |
Recon. Company, HQ, 1st Marine Div |
| |
Bagwell, Ralph M. |
LCDR |
85753 |
VA-35 (CO) |
| |
Baker, Jerry D. |
PFC |
1226854 |
A-1-7 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
Bartholomew, Carl E. |
PFC |
1335497 |
G-3-1 |
| |
Batdorff, Robert L. |
PFC |
1064220 |
F-2-7 |
| |
Bassett, Kenneth J. |
PFC |
1072425 |
MP Company, HQ, 1st Marine Division |
| |
Baugh, Milton H. |
1LT |
010658 |
VMF 311, MAG 33 |
| |
Bell, Richard |
1LT |
045307 |
VMF 311, MAG 33 |
| |
Binig, Joseph B. |
HM3 |
571332 |
G-3-1 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
Beswick, Byron H. |
CAPT |
029003 |
VMF 323, MAG 12 |
| |
Blas, Cipriano |
SGT |
349552 |
MP Company, HQ, 1st Marine Division |
| |
Bley, Roy H. |
MAJ |
010450 |
HQs Squadron, 1st Marine Air Wing |
| |
Blazevic, Raymond L. |
AT1 |
8704183 |
USS Princeton |
| |
Booker, Jesse V. |
CAPT |
020617 |
HQ MAG 12 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
Boulduc, Charles A. |
PFC |
1089611 |
A Co., 1st Motor Transport Battalion |
| |
Britt, Joseph P. Jr. |
PFC |
1185707 |
H-3-5 |
| |
Brittain, Dewey E. |
SGT |
309368 |
MP Company, 1st Marine Division |
| |
Broomhead, Martin S. |
ENS |
538977 |
VF 194 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 |
Brown, Billy A. |
PFC |
1108329 |
B-1-1 |
| |
Cain, John T. |
MSGT |
497205 |
VMO 6, 1st Marine Air Wing |
| |
Bundy, Lyonel D. |
CPL |
666423 |
H-3-1 |
| |
Burke, Stanley A. |
PFC |
1092495 |
H&S, 1st Marine Regiment |
| |
Byres, Allen R. |
PFC |
1190377 |
H-3-5 |
| |
Cain, John T. |
MSGT |
497205 |
VMO 6, 1st Marine Air Wing |
| |
Chester, Robert J. |
PFC |
1316541 |
I-3-7 |
| |
Clifford, Henry C. |
2LT |
058124 |
A-1-7 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
Coffee, Robert J. |
SGT |
659953 |
Anglico, 1st Signal Battalion |
| |
Conway, Henry J. Jr. |
2LT |
054354 |
G-3-7 |
| |
Cowen, George V. |
PFC |
10465484 |
D-2-7 |
| |
Crabtree, Albert T. Jr. |
PFC |
1330622 |
F-2-1 |
| |
Dagne, Joseph M. Jr. |
PFC |
1223882 |
G-3-7 |
| |
DeMasters, John A. |
LTJG |
522066 |
VF 64 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
Demasters (continued) |
|
|
|
| |
Dennison, Arthur L. |
PFC |
1263513 |
A-1-7 |
| |
Dodson, Emmitt D. |
PFC |
1286075 |
A-1-7 |
| |
Downey, Earl D. |
CPL |
654337 |
MP Company, 1st Marine Division |
| |
Doyle, Arthur E. Jr. |
CPL |
1257062 |
A-1-11 |
| |
Drummond, Stephen E. |
CPL |
1257454 |
A-1-11 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
Drummond (continued) |
|
|
|
| |
Edwards, Arnold R. |
PFC |
1195452 |
A-1-7 |
| |
Ettinger, Harry E. Jr. |
LTJG |
504133 |
VF 194 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
Ettinger (continued |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
Ezell, Dee E. |
CAPT |
029832 |
HQs Battery, 11th Marines |
| |
Faler, Dale |
ENS |
327702 |
VA 65 |
| |
Ferrantano, Felix |
1LT |
014978 |
Anglico, 1st Signal Bn., 1st Mar Div |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
Ferrantano (continued) |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
16 |
Ferrantano (continued) |
|
|
|
| |
Fink, Gerald |
CAPT |
023889 |
VMF 312, MAG 12 |
| |
Flores, Nick A. |
PFC |
1091431 |
1st Service Bn, 1st Marine Division |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
Flynn, John P. Jr. |
CAPT |
032419 |
MAG 12 |
| |
Foreacre, Louis K. |
PFC |
1175294 |
A-1-7 |
| |
Gauthier, Gaston C. |
PFC |
1165371 |
C-1-7 |
| |
Gabrielle, Fred J. Jr. |
PFC |
1279874 |
I-3-7 |
| |
Gaynor, Melvin J. |
PVT |
1176226 |
H-3-7 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
Gaynor (continued) |
|
|
|
| |
Gillette, Robert J. |
1LT |
035468 |
VF 194 |
| |
Gilliland, Julian H. |
AT2 |
8375986 |
VF 194 |
| |
Glenn, Joe A. |
PFC |
1221962 |
Weapons Co., 2d Bn, 5th Marines |
| |
Graham, Alfred P. Jr. |
PFC |
1198510 |
H-3-5 |
| |
Gray, Roy C. Jr. |
CAPT |
024638 |
VMF 311, MAG 33 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
19 |
Gray (continued |
|
|
|
| |
Graham (continued) |
|
|
|
| |
Gregory, Arthur J. |
PFC |
1180947 |
A-1-5 |
| |
Grey, Vernie L. |
PFC |
1211153 |
H-3-7 |
| |
Griffith, Donald M. |
SGT |
584417 |
F-2-5 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
Gunderson, Carl J. |
PFC |
1219397 |
G-3-7 |
| |
Hale, James L. |
PFC |
1122176 |
E-2-5 |
| |
Hamilton, James F. |
SGT |
1121870 |
G-3-7 |
| |
Harbin, Joseph B. |
CPL |
1087610 |
4.5 Rocket Battery, 11th Marines |
| |
Harcourt, Olaf W.B. |
CPL |
1157781 |
Weapons Co., 2d Btn, 5th Marines |
| |
Harris, Walter R. |
MAJ |
016518 |
VMF 323 MAG 12 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
Hart, George F. |
PFC |
1305304 |
G-3-5 |
| |
Hernandez-Hoyos, Rafael H. |
PFC |
1225690 |
C-1-5 |
| |
Hollinger, Bernard R. |
PFC |
1289375 |
H-3-5 |
| |
Irones, Lee J. |
PFC |
1272091 |
I-3-5 |
| |
Jacobs, John A. Jr. |
PFC |
1195842 |
E-2-5 |
| |
Henry, Kenneth W. |
1LT |
09300 |
MD, USS Manchester |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
22 |
Jacobs (continued) |
|
|
|
| |
James, Jesse L. |
SGT |
594627 |
MP Co., HQ, 1st Marine Division |
| |
Jones, Edwin B. III |
CPL |
661065 |
HQ Battery, 11th Marines |
| |
Johnson, Richard D. |
PFC |
1190982 |
G-3-1 |
| |
Kennedy, Gathern Jr. |
CPL |
1228036 |
I-3-1 |
| |
Kestel, Reginald E. |
PVT |
1226629 |
C-1-7 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
23 |
Kestel (continued) |
|
|
|
| |
Kirby, John R. |
CPL |
1083266 |
HQ, 1st Marine Division |
| |
Kostich, Robert |
PFC |
1214174 |
Weapons Co., 2d Bn, 5th Marines |
| |
Kohus, Francis E. Jr. |
PFC |
1177174 |
A-1-7 |
| |
Lacy, Jimmie E. |
CPL |
1205643 |
C-1-5 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
24 |
Latora, Philip N. |
PFC |
1204275 |
A-1-7 |
| |
Lessman, Billy J. |
PFC |
1152336 |
HQ Battery, 11th Marines |
| |
Lipscombe, Robert B. Jr. |
CAPT |
037958 |
VMO 6, 1st Marine Air Wing |
| |
Lloyd, Alan L. |
1LT |
047343 |
H&S Company, 5th Marines |
| |
Lundquist, Carl R. |
2LT |
051303 |
VMF 312 MAG 12 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
25 |
Lunsford, Franklin I. |
PVT |
1223889 |
H-3-7 |
| |
Lynch, Donald W. |
PFC |
1200468 |
I-3-5 |
| |
Marks, Delbert L. |
PFC |
1172211 |
D Co., 1st Engineer Battalion |
| |
Martelli, Paul L. |
CAPT |
029125 |
VMF 323 MAG 12 |
| |
Markevitch, Robert A. |
PFC |
1150700 |
H-3-5 |
| |
Martin, Charles F. |
CAPT |
032449 |
VMA 121 MAG 33 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
26 |
Mathis, Chester A. |
TSGT |
271843 |
MP Co., HQ, 1st Marine Division |
| |
McCool, Felix |
WO |
049274 |
Support Co., 1st Sup. Bn, 1st Mar Div |
| |
McCoy, Donald K. |
PFC |
1247761 |
H-3-5 |
| |
McDaniel, Roland L. |
2LT |
052985 |
HQ Battery, 11th Marines |
| |
McElroy, Jess R. |
ADU3 |
3578422 |
VF 194 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
27 |
McInernery, James P. |
CPL |
1074365 |
Co. A, 1st Motor Transport Bn |
| |
McLaughlin, John N. |
MAJ |
08433 |
HQ, X Corps |
| |
Messman, Robert C. |
1LT |
039208 |
K-4-11 |
| |
Moore, E.C. |
LT |
304299 |
Helicopter Squadron 1 |
| |
Moritz, Dale E. |
LT |
30150 |
VA 923 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
28 |
Moritz (continued) |
|
|
|
| |
Murphy, Rowland M. |
2LT |
052136 |
D-1-5 |
| |
Nation, Carl D. |
PVT |
1331590 |
Weapons Co., 3d Bn, 5th Marines |
| |
Nardolillo, Francis J. |
PFC |
1160750 |
A-1-7 |
| |
Neal, George M. |
ADAN |
5713287 |
Helicopter Unit #2 |
| |
Nelson, Noble I. Jr. |
PFC |
1252507 |
A-1-7 |
| |
Nevill, Kenneth F. |
PFC |
1221568 |
F-2-7 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
29 |
Nieman, Warner E. |
PFC |
1285481 |
H-3-5 |
| |
Nixon, Edwin A. |
ENS |
552869 |
VF 91 |
| |
Noeth, George E. |
CPL |
1242647 |
C-1-7 |
| |
Oehl, Sidney |
CPL |
1233269 |
4.2 Mortar Co., 7th Marines |
| |
Osborn, Loyd E. |
PFC |
670838 |
A Co., 1st Motor Transport Bn |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
30 |
Osborne, Henry H. |
LT |
263936 |
VF 63 |
| |
Oven, Richard L. |
PFC |
1193866 |
H-3-5 |
| |
Pabey, Luis E. |
PFC |
1259414 |
C-1-7 |
| |
O'Shea, Robert J. |
1LT |
048902 |
HQ Co., 1st Mar Div. |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
31 |
Pacifico, Alfred J. |
PFC |
1305069 |
G-3-7 |
| |
Padilla, Salomon |
PFC |
1226900 |
H-3-5 |
| |
Paillette, T.E. |
HN |
4237278 |
H&S Co., 1st Bn, 7th Marines |
| |
Pavlik, Bernard P. |
HN |
4168628 |
A-1-7 |
| |
Pawlowski, Donald J. |
CPL |
1168119 |
A-1-7 |
| |
Peel, Gaylord Allen |
LTJG |
374268 |
VA 95 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
32 |
Penn, Billy R. |
HM3 |
4200921 |
H-3-5 |
| |
Peralta, Pedro Jr. |
PFC |
1268214 |
H-3-5 |
| |
Perry, Jack E. |
CAPT |
027307 |
HQ, MAG 33 |
| |
Pettit, William R. |
TSGT |
269956 |
MP Co., HQ, 1st Marine Division |
| |
Pickett, Wayne A. |
CPL |
606930 |
F-2-7 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
33 |
Pizarro-Baez, Alberto |
PVT |
1210521 |
H-3-7 |
| |
Pumphrey, Louis A. |
PFC |
1260301 |
H-3-7 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
34 |
Pumphrey (continued) |
|
|
|
| |
Ratliff, Roy V. |
CPL |
663208 |
MP Co., HQ, 1st Marine Division |
| |
Ramos, Augustine M. |
PFC |
1245406 |
H-3-7 |
| |
Ray, Vernon |
PFC |
1257309 |
A-1-7 |
| |
Razvoza, Richard J. |
SGT |
667305 |
MP Co., HQ, 1st Marine Division |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
35 |
Reid, Ernest R. Jr. |
1LT |
047073 |
H&S Co., 1st Marines |
| |
Ribbeck, Lester A. |
PFC |
1193721 |
F-2-1 |
| |
Richards, Donald R. |
CPL |
129516 |
H-3-5 |
| |
Richards, Harold E. |
PFC |
1305338 |
E-2-7 |
| |
Richardson, Judson C. Jr. |
MAJ |
011918 |
VMF(N) 513, MAG 12 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
36 |
Ricker, Lance G. |
PFC |
1296985 |
A-1-7 |
| |
Riker, Andrew L. |
ENS |
551737 |
VA 923 |
| |
Roberts, Albert J. Jr. |
TSGT |
308306 |
MP Co, HQ, 1st Marine Division |
| |
Robinson, Alvin M. |
PFC |
1244296 |
Weapons Co., 1st Bn, 7th Marines |
| |
Romero, Louis Jr. |
PFC |
1195398 |
E-2-5 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
37 |
Rose, Donald A. |
SGT |
1771076 |
4.2 Motor Company, 7th Marines |
| |
Saxon, Joe E. |
PFC |
668057 |
B Co., 1st Tank Battalion |
| |
Schnitzler, Norbert W. |
PFC |
1241142 |
I-3-5 |
| |
Scheddell, Thomas A. |
HN |
4332295 |
D-2-7 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
38 |
Schommer, Charles P. |
PFC |
1241147 |
I-3-7 |
| |
Schultz, William E. |
CPL |
1030979 |
HQ Battery, 4th Bn, 11th Marines |
| |
Schwable, Frank H. |
COL |
04429 |
HQ Squadron, 1st Marine Air Wing |
| |
Scott, Mickey K. |
PFC |
613668 |
D-2-7 |
| |
Seymour, Rufus A. |
2LT |
055835 |
C-1-5 |
| |
Shanklin, Milas |
PFC |
1275592 |
I-3-7 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
39 |
Shanklin (continued) |
|
|
|
| |
Shockley, William N. |
PFC |
1195637 |
Reconnaissance Co., HQ, 1st Mar Div |
| |
Smith, Edward L. |
HMC |
3214442 |
H&S Co., 7th Marines |
| |
Smith, Mercer R. |
CAPT |
024054 |
VMF 311, MAG 33 |
| |
Smith, Roy S. |
HN |
4245698 |
F-2-7 |
| |
Smith, Zacheus A. Jr. |
HM3 |
2535221 |
B-1-7 |
| |
Spence, Kenneth L. |
CPT |
031844 |
VMO 6, 1st Marine Air Wing |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
40 |
Stanfill, Herman F. |
1LT |
047753 |
VMF 323, MAG 12 |
| |
Steege, Leonard E. |
PFC |
1190684 |
H-3-7 |
| |
Stewart, Willie C. |
PFC |
1324588 |
B-1-7 |
| |
Sterrett, Harlo E. |
ENS |
538313 |
VF 653 |
| |
Still, Richard L. |
2LT |
050783 |
1st 90-mm Anti-aircraft Battalion |
| |
Stine, James L. |
PFC |
1325815 |
I-3-7 |
| |
Strachan, Robert A. Jr. |
CPL |
1136319 |
G-3-7 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
41 |
Strachan (continued) |
|
|
|
| |
Stumpges, Frederick J. |
MSGT |
274797 |
HQ Co., HQ, 1st Marine Division |
| |
Taft, Leonard C. |
2LT |
047988 |
VMO 6, 1st Marine Air Wing |
| |
Thompson, Robert G. |
SGT |
|
C-1-7 |
| |
Thorin, Duane W. |
AMC |
3165994 |
HU-1 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
42 |
Thorin (continued) |
|
|
|
| |
Thornton, John W. |
LTJG |
391103 |
HU-2 |
| |
Thrash, William G. |
LTCOL |
06141 |
HQ, MAG 12 |
| |
Trujillo, Pablo B. |
PFC |
1266204 |
H-3-7 |
| |
Turner, Herbert B. |
1LT |
039278 |
D Co., 1st Tank Bn. |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
43 |
Tuscano, James E. |
PFC |
1248932 |
G-3-7 |
| |
Vann, George H. |
PFC |
1031930 |
K-4-11 |
| |
Vitrulus, Billy J. |
PFC |
1202210 |
C-1-7 |
| |
Waddill, Thomas H. |
HN |
4471445 |
C-1-5 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
44 |
Vavruska, Eugene R. |
PFC |
1293705 |
H-3-7 |
| |
Wagner, Arthur |
CAPT |
032680 |
VMF(N) 513, MAG 12 |
| |
Watson, Joseph |
PFC |
1229887 |
C-1-7 |
| |
Wertman, Albert P. |
CPL |
1065298 |
F-2-7 |
| |
Wessels, Harry P. |
PVT |
1271307 |
I-3-7 |
| |
Wilkins, Edward G. Jr. |
PFC |
1088692 |
I-3-5 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
45 |
Wilkins, James V. |
CAPT |
021898 |
VMF 312, MAG 12 |
| |
Williams, Donald C. |
CPL |
1098418 |
Anglico, 1st Signal Battalion |
| |
Williams, Duke Jr. |
1LT |
047570 |
VMF 312, MAG 12 |
| |
Williams, Michaux L. |
PFC |
1316575 |
C-1-7 |
| |
Williford, Troy A. |
PFC |
669059 |
F-2-7 |
| |
Woodard, Preston D. |
PFC |
1189089 |
H-3-7 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
46 |
Yerger, Maury F. |
LCDR |
165477 |
VF 23 |
| |
Yesko, Daniel D. |
PFC |
1064801 |
F-2-7 |
*This is a abbreviated designation for the serviceman's company-battalion-regiment. Thus, E-2-7 is
"E" Company, 2d Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment. Another example, "H-3-5" would be "H" Company, 3d
Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment.
APPENDIX C
BOX LIST FOR
AIRCRAFT INCIDENTS FILES (SAM KLAUS FILES), 1944-62
(LOT FILE 64D551)
BOX
|
CONTENTS
|
|
1 |
IL-12 Case (Soviet Aircraft), 7/27/53
(Also see TS File in Box 101)
Blackbook, Correspondence, and Memoranda
Affidavits |
|
2 |
Red Chinese Belligerency
Missionary Priest
CIA Library Listing |
|
3 |
American POW's and POW tape recordings
Interviews with Chinese Communist Soldiers
POW Interviews & Chinese Originals |
|
4-6 |
POW Interviews - Reels of Tape |
|
7 |
Colonel Arnold Case
Transcripts of Interviews from AF Intelligence
Correspondence - Memoranda
Air Intelligence Information Report
Prison Diary of Lt. Parks
Affidavit by E.F. Llewellyn - Draft
Bering Sea Case (June 22, 1955) |
|
8 |
Bering Sea Case (June 22, 1955)
F-84 Case (Czechoslovakia 3/10/53)
Applications to ICJ |
|
9 |
Correspondence, Memos, Affidavit, Note, &
Applications to ICJ Operational Phase I |
|
10 |
Radar Phase I, II, & III |
|
11 |
Eye Witness Phases II & III - Objects |
|
12 |
Technical Phase |
|
13-18 |
Eye Witness Phase I |
|
19 |
Damage Phase
Miscellaneous I & II |
|
20 |
El Al Case (7/27/55) (See Also TS File, Box 101)
Correspondence with Israel Embassy
Memoranda (July 1955-1958) |
|
21 |
Memoranda 1958 |
|
22 |
Memoranda, Jan. 1959-March 1962
Memoranda, Mr. Klaus' Trip - 1958 |
|
23 |
Correspondence, Dec. 1955-Dec. 1961
Notes, Press Releases, Photos, etc. |
|
24 |
El Al Case in the ICJ (Israel vs. Bulgaria)
El Al Case in the ICJ (Israel vs. Bulgaria) -
Correspondence |
|
25 |
El Al Case in the ICJ (Israel vs. Bulgaria) -
Misc. Publication
Annexes to El Al Case to ICJ |
|
26 |
Case of the El Al to ICJ and various subject
folders |
|
27 |
Material Received from Legal Advisor's Office
Captain Otto Jenista's File
Jurisdiction
Other subject files |
|
28-30 |
Affidavits |
|
31-32 |
Annexes 1-65 |
|
33 |
ICJ - Case re the Aerial Incident of 7/27/55 |
|
"Written Observations of the US on the
Preliminary Objections of Bulgaria," 6 copies
"Memorial Submitted by the Government of
the US," Vols. I & II, December 1958 |
|
34 |
B-29 Case - Hokkaido, Japan, October 7, 1952
(See Also TS File, Box 101)
Index
File - Presentation to ICJ - Legal Issues
Memoranda 1952-54
Correspondence 1953-54 |
|
35 |
Diplomatic Notes Exchanged
Press Releases
Maps
Facts |
|
36 |
Damages
History of Kuriles, Hokkaido, etc.
Legal Issues - see TS files |
|
37 |
Article by Ulanovski
Article by Kutakov
The Notsushafu Diary
Opinions of Capt. D.H. Sherr
Intervention in the ICJ
JCS to SCAP
AAF Aeronautical Approach Chart |
|
38 |
Affidavits and Charts |
|
39 |
HAN Statement (12 envelopes)
Crew - Identifying data and photos |
|
40 |
Application to ICJ dated 5/26/55 (3 copies)
O.P. Books
T.R.A. Books |
|
41-42 |
T.R.A. Books |
|
43 |
C-47 Case (American Fliers in Hungary),
November 19, 1951
The Case of the Four Fliers Held in Hungary -
Report and Recommendations
ICJ Stage - Communications from Court
Draft Letter for Registrar ICJ
Soviet Case Application
Hungarian Case Application
ICJ Application - "Responsive Reply"
Aircraft Cases after the International Court
of Justice Stage
Definition - Forum Prorogatum
ICJ Rules - Intervention by Japan
Jurisdiction Allegation in ICJ Applications
Documentary History of Art. 32(2) of
the Rules of the ICJ
ICJ Time Table and Preliminary Procedure -
Fliers Case
Diplomatic Notes Exchanged
Correspondence
Memoranda |
|
44 |
Damages
Damages - Computation of Damages Memo
Memorandum on Tribunal
Position Papers
Memorandum to Secretary (and drafts)
Relevant Legal Precedents
Surplus Property Credit Agreements with
Hungary
American Flier - Misc. Documents and
Evidence
Press Releases
Caperton - Report - Analysis of Flight C-47
French, George - Memo Report - Weather
Serkin, Captain - Weather & Wind Conditions |
|
45 |
Doroghi, Ervin - Analysis under the Domestic
Law & Judicial Practice of Hungary
Winship Report - Reconstruction of Flight
Plan of Aircraft 6026
International Treatment of Unauthorized
Overflights
Report and Recommendations
Maps
Certificates with Respect to Events from
Nov. 21, 1951, through Dec. 28, 1951
Book with Background Papers
|
|
46 |
American Fliers - Statements
Lanterman, John V. - Statement
Affidavit of Capt. John J. Swift |
|
47 |
Affidavits concerning visit US Airmen to
Yugoslav Consulate, Frankfurt
Affidavits of Sgt. James A. Elam, Radio
Operator of Aircraft 6026
Affidavit of Tech. Sgt. Jess A. Duff, Engineer
of Aircraft 6026
Affidavit of Sgt. Calvin E. Hamm, Air Traffic
Controller, 1968th AACS
Affidavit of Capt. Dave H. Henderson, Pilot
of Aircraft 6026
Requests for & crating of cargo for Aircraft
6026
Crew Briefing of Aircraft 6026
Damages |
|
48 |
Ground to Air Radio Contact with Aircraft 6026
Operations & Functions of Erding Air Depot
Search A/C 6026
Test Flight Made at 7500 feet
Weather Encounters, radio facilities available
and course of A/C 6026
Navigation Kit, Exhibit 5 (Henderson) |
|
49 |
Maps
Transcript of Press Conference Erding Air Depot
Photostats of Houses Fliers Case
Photographs
Photographs - Crew Members - Capt. Smith's
family
Map - Col. Holmes' Course
American Fliers - Transcript of Proceedings |
|
50 |
Recordings
Analysis of Flight of C-47
Memo from Capt. Serkin re: weather information
Analysis under Domestic Law & Judicial
Practice of Hungary |
|
51 |
C-47 Case - Applications (USSR)
C-47 Case - Applications (Hungary)
C-47 Case - Notes (USSR and Hungary) |
|
52-54 |
Packages of Recording Tapes with Affidavits
and Debriefings |
|
55 |
B-50 Case, Sea of Japan, July 29, 1953
Diplomatic Notes
Correspondence, Memoranda, Press Releases
Damages, Search & Rescue Cost
Facts and Laws
Re WAC-291 - Boundary & Annotations Reports
Various Folders |
|
56 |
Affidavits
Opinion of capt. R.A. Lerch, USAF
Maps |
|
57 |
Rescue from Seas by Navy's ships Maddox,
Picking, Bremerton, & Princeton (4 folders):
COMNAVFE reports various naval units
Crew Identification and Photos
Note presenting Diplomatic Claim against
USSR
Affidavits |
|
58 |
Navy Neptune Case (Sept. 4, 1954)
Background and Briefing Books
Notes Exchanged
Memoranda - Correspondence
ICJ (Int'l Court of Justice)
Air Intelligence Info Reports
Press Releases
Claim
Damages Radio Log
Affidavits |
|
59 |
POWs In Communist China
Military POWs in Communist China
Civilian POWs in Communist China
Press Releases
Kent Case 1953-54 |
|
60 |
Affidavits - Fathers Garvey, Gordon, Hyde,
White, Joyce |
|
61 |
Affidavits - Fathers Gross, Pavel, Phelps,
Rigney, Bishop O'Gara, Malcolm Bersohn,
Robert T. Bryan, Jr., Dixon, Krasner, &
Applegate |
|
62 |
CATHWAY Pacific Case (British Airliner) Near
Hainan, July 23, 1954
Background Information Book
Memoranda - Correspondence
Press Releases & Various Other Folders
Affidavits - Emma F. Parish; Peter S. Thacher;
Members of Rescue Plane; Members of
Stand by Plane |
|
63 |
B-29-II Case 11/7/54 Near Hokkaido (See also TS
File Box 101)
Background & Briefing Papers - Black Books
Notes Exchanged
Application to ICJ against USSR 6/8/59 |
|
64 |
Correspondence - Memoranda
International Court of Justice
Issues of Fact and Legal Issues
Press Releases and Maps
Opinion of Capt. Sherr
Affidavits of Feith, Lentz, Oliver, Rollins,
Sechler, Weimer, & Whalen |
|
65 |
Memoranda
Statements of Japanese Witnesses |
|
66 |
Recovery Books |
|
67 |
Annex II-A "Statements of Crew"
Annex II-B "AC&W Interrogation Organizational
Listing
Annex II-C "Eye-Witness Statements" |
|
68 |
Annex II-C "Tab 2 - Tab 42" |
|
69 |
Annex II-C "Tab 2 - Tab 42" |
|
70 |
Annex II-D "HQ Far East Air Forces Directives"
Annex II-E "The Wreckage and Guns"
Annex II-F "Photographic Data"
Annex II-G "AC&W Logs & Records"
Annex II-H "Weather & Tide Data"
Annex II-I "Deceased Crew Member"
Annex II-J "Damages"
Annex III "Report of Investigation" - Narrative
Analysis and Charts"
Annex I, IV, V "Report of Investigation" |
|
71 |
Vogeler Case (See Also TS File, Box 101)
Analysis of Vogeler Record
Transcript of Proceeding of Interviews
(5/21-6/14/1951)
IT & T File |
|
72 |
Correspondence 1950-52
Comments on Vogeler Book
US Army File
Kellogs Switchboard & Supply Co. Files
Material for Brief
Statements |
|
73 |
Tapes or Recordings of Trial
Czechoslovakia - Balloon Case (1/18/1956)
Black Book
Notes and Memoranda |
|
74 |
Issue of Fact
Pogue and Neal Correspondence |
|
75 |
Time Table
Rude Pravo and Maps
Photographs |
|
76-78 |
Affidavits |
|
79 |
B-47 Case, July 1, 1960, Barents Sea
Background Books, Photos of Crew
Notes and Correspondence |
|
80 |
Memoranda, Press Releases (See Also TS
File, Box 102)
Soviet Newspapers
Olmstead & McKone Press Conf., 3-3-61
Search & Rescue Operations
Material on Bail-out
Autopsy of Capt. Palm |
|
81 |
Maps
Soviet Claim to Sovereignty of White Sea |
|
82 |
Docs. received with affidavits from 57th Air
Rescue Squadron, 3-29-61
Affidavits (See also TS File) |
|
83 |
U-2 Case (Francis Gary Powers - Pilot)
Memoranda
Press Releases, Congressional Records etc.
Int'l Law dealing with Overflights & Espionage
Congressional Hearings
Summit Meeting
Security Council Debate
C-118 Armenian Case 6/27/58 (See also TS File,
Box 102)
Notes Exchange
Correspondence, Memoranda
Press Releases, CIA Report
Preliminary Analysis of Fact and Law
Navy Korea Case (attack on US Navy Patrol Plane
over Sea of Japan), June 16, 1959
Memoranda
Press Releases
Congressional Record
Maps
Navy Mercator Case (Navy Patrol Plane),
8-23-1956 (See Also TS File, Box 102)
Memoranda, Telegrams, Intelligence Reports
Press Releases
Issues of Law
Letters from Admiral Ward with/enclosures |
|
84 |
Maps |
|
85 |
C-120 (USAF Transport Plane) Soviet Armenia,
September 2, 1958 (See also TS File Box 100)
Black Book
Petition and Letters
Notes Exchanged
Draft Application & related papers
Correspondence
Memoranda, Sept. 1958- Feb. 1961 |
|
86 |
Press Releases
Information Report |
|
87 |
Publication - Flying Inst. for the Aviation of
the Armed Forces USSR-Moscow 1948
Maps
Weather Report - Capt. Jenista
Transcript of Rape-recorded Radio Conversation
among Soviet Fighter Pilots |
|
88 |
USAF Medical Records on 17 Crewmen
Col. Smith - Material Record from 6/18/59
+ pistol |
|
89 |
Affidavits - 7 Turkish Statements |
|
90 |
Affidavits |
|
91 |
Kendall Case, 3/22/1960 (Forced Landing of his
Plane and its Destruction by Saudi Gunfire)
Memoranda, April 1960-February 1962
Correspondence
Kendall Statement
Law - Maps |
|
92 |
Documents re: Purchase of PBY
Summary by William G. Moore - CAB California
File on letter to FAA re: regulations
Documents concerning Life Magazine
Memo on Background Info |
|
92 |
Despatches and Telegrams - Inc.
Testimony
Affidavits |
|
94 |
Kendall Case Log Books |
|
95 |
Advisory Committee on Personnel Security (ACOPS)
1946-47 (See also TS File, Box 103)
Relations with CON
Survey of Dept. Personnel
H.C. Barton, Carl A. Marzani, Marshall Wolfe,
(Frank T. Baker), Fred E. Busbey, Karl E.
Mundt, Karl Stefan, Bartel J. Jonkman,
Harding Bancroft, William O. Baxter, Robert
L. Clifford, Joseph E. Johnson, Marie Klooz,
Samuel K.C. Kopper, and Robert G. Miner |
|
96 |
Beatrice Paul and Miscellaneous
FBI Reports 10/23/46 and 8/15/46
Drew Reports
McCarran Rider
SPA Survey
Pearson Article 1946
Personnel 1949-50
Klaus' Personal Alphabetical Administrative Files,
1949-57 |
|
97-99 |
Incidents
Polish-Korea 1955-56
B-29 Missing 6/13/52
Sabrejet Incident 5/10/55 (See also TS File
Box 103)
Baltic Sea and Sea of Japan Incident,
11/7-8/58
Bering Seas Incident 9/30/58
Czech. Balloons - Germany Dec. 1959
West German-Formosa Incident
S.S. Morrika), 9/22/56
Israel, C-47, November 1955
Yugoslavia - Gruman N748G overflight,
Sept. 1961
Lt. Col. Thomas Howard Glenn (Claim of
Widow)
Navy Baltic Case (Col. Glenn) April 1950
Eastern Airlines Case (Cuban Hijacking)
7/24/61
Arctic Incident - Soviet Protest 5/17/46
Chihli Case B-50 4/17/56 Memo
Aircraft Incidents - Gen. Prin. of Int'l
Law & Facts
Aircraft Cases - Status of
Algerian Rebel Leaders - Captured by French
in Algeria
Imbrie Case (Trenton Fund) 1948,
Correspondence
Khrushchev Puppies - 1959 Correspondence
Porter Hardy Case (Allegations by Sam Coon
re activities of U.S. Operations Mission to
Peru), 1960-61
United Fruit Co. Case - Memo, 11/7/57
Misc. Incidents (See also TS File, Box 106)
JIOA (Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency)
C-803 Radio Free Europe Balloons 1956
Albanian Balloons RFE
Czech. Balloon II 10/23/56 RFE
Hungarian Balloon Case 7/19/56 RFE
Polish Balloons 9/3/56 RFE
German - Berlin Problem Sept.-Oct. 1961
Military Maneuvers 1961-1962
Nuclear Testing 1961-62 (See also TS File,
Box 103)
Offshore Procurement of F-86K Aircraft 1960
Soviet-Chinese Alliance - Memo of 7/6/62
War Claims Soto, Behrman, and Imbrie - 1947
SAAB Matter Klaus Memo of Oct. 1948
Committee on Civil Liberties - 1947
Anti-Trust - General
MEEC - Middle East Emergency Committee,
1957
Declassification and Release of OSS Files - 1960
Outer space and Reconnaissance Satellites,
1948
FEA Folder of Klaus Memos 1944-45
Country Files - Klaus' File on Collection of TREVI
Information |
|
100 |
Top Secret
B-50 Case (Sea of Japan) 7/29/53
Charts, Taps
Affidavits, Statements, and Transcript
C-130 Soviet Armenia 9/2/58
Radio Reports
Memoranda
Affidavits |
|
101 |
IL-12 Case (Soviet Aircraft) 7/27/53
Legal Questions and Affidavits
HO - Research Project #351 Dec. 1953
Claims and War Booty
El Al Case (7/27/55)
Memoranda (April 8, 1958-April 1960)
B-29 Case - Hokkaido - Japan 10/7/52
Correspondence
Memoranda
Legal Issues
HO - Research Project #120 - July 1949
B-29 II Case - Near Hokkaido, Japan - 11/7/54
Correspondence
Memoranda
Vogeler Case
Memoranda |
|
102 |
B-47 Case - Barents Sea - 7/1/60
Memoranda
Facts Elicited from Survivors 6/14/61
Debriefing and Interrogations by USAF
Affidavits and Statements
C-118 Armenian Case - 6/27/58
Memoranda
Navy Mercator Case 8/23/46
Letter from Chief Naval Operations, 8/24/1956 |
|
103-105 |
Israel, Survey of Legal and Economic Reporting
Problems
ACOPS - Advisory Committee on Personnel Security
Memoranda
USAF Project RAND Research Memorandum
#1346, 10/15/54
Sabrejet Incident 5/10/1955
Letter, Memoranda and Telegrams
Caspian Seas Incident
Memorandum
JIOA - Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency
Memoranda
German Scientists
General File
Reports by Klaus
Withdrawal from JOIA
Korean Incident 1/22/1954
Memo by Klaus to FE: McClurkin 1/25/1954
Nuclear Testing
Memoranda, February 1962
Proof of Satellites Violations of Peace Treaty
Human Rights Provisions Operations Plan
3/16/1954
Divisional Operations - Progress Reports; Working
Arrangements
JDC - Joint Distribution Committee in Hungary
(AFA Israel G. Jacobson Case)
Affidavit by Israel G. Jacobson 1/26/1950;
Joseph J. Schwartz 6/22/1953; Moses W.
Beckelman 6/11/1953; Moses A. Leavitt
6/23/1953; Aaron Berkowitz 6/19/1953
Transcript of Proceedings to discuss Mr. I.G.
Jacobson's Recent Experiences in Hungary,
1/12-13/1950
Memo by Samuel Klaus re: Jacobson 4/31/1951
Alger Hiss (TS Memos 1945-46)
Gregory Case (TS Memos, FBI's name for current
investigation of pro-Soviet espionage by
Government personnel, and code name for the
informant)
Cooper, Dennis
China Lobby, Memorandum on, 4/25/1950 |
|
106 |
F-84 Case (Czechoslovakia 3/10/1953)
Miscellaneous III (Notebooks, Photographs,
Microfilm) |
APPENDIX D
BOX AND FILE LIST FOR
BUREAU OF FAR EASTERN AFFAIRS, OFFICE OF EAST ASIAN AFFAIRS
CENTRAL FILES 1958-63
(BOXES 157-161)
(LOT FILES 63D168, 65D93, 65D235, 66D224, 66D245
BOX
|
CONTENTS
|
|
157 |
List of U.S. Armed Forces Personnel Believed Held
by the Communists |
|
158 |
Documentary Material for UN Military Armistice
Commission Negotiations, 10 March 1956 - Data
re Missing and Unaccounted for US Servicemen,
Korea
Missing US Military Personnel
Korean War POWs |
|
159 |
Missing Military Personnel Cases
Information on Missing US Military Personnel
(Korean War)
Missing Military Personnel |
|
160 |
Dossiers - US Army Personnel Unaccounted for by
the CCF-NKA |
|
161 |
Missing US Service Personnel
US Service Personnel Dossiers (39 - Name) |
APPENDIX E
LIST OF CODE TERMS UTILIZED DURING THE EARLY COLD WAR
YEARS
BY U.S. MILITARY FORCES IN REPORTING CASUALTIES
| 1. Killed in action |
ETHER |
| 2. Died as a result of wounds received in action |
HINGE |
| 3. Died as a result of injuries received in action |
SORRY |
| 4. Missing in Action |
GRAVY |
| 5. Captured by opposing forces |
URBAN |
| 6. Interned by neutral power |
BLAND |
| 7. Seriously wounded in action |
INGOT |
| 8. Seriously injured in action |
LEAST |
| 9. Slightly wounded in action (hospitalized) |
FRIAR |
| 10. Slightly wounded in action (not hospitalized) |
HUSKY |
| 11. Slightly injured in action (hospitalized) |
HEAVY |
| 12. Slightly injured in action (not hospitalized) |
CATCH |
| 13. Seriously ill, gas casualty |
POKEY |
| 14. Seriously ill, radioactivity |
BLAST |
SOURCE: Paul M. Cole, POW/MIA Issues: Volume 1: The Korean War (Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1994),
p.16.
APPENDIX F
DECEASED MILITARY PERSONNEL CASE FILES
MAINTAINED BY THE U.S. ARMY
The most comprehensive series of records that pertain to the identification, location, and disposition of
American military remains is the individual deceased personnel files, 1939-54 (WNRC accession
092-70A-0001) (ca. 10,490 ft.), which is maintained by the U.S. Army. The series consists of two
parts. Part one refers to deceased military service personnel, whether or not their remains were
recovered. Part two covers unidentified remains. Files in part one are grouped alphabetically
according to the first letter of the surname of deceased individual. Within each alphabetical
category, files are grouped into six alpha-numeric segments, each roughly coinciding with the general era in
which the deceased served. Files for World War II-era fatalities generally can be found in
alpha-numeric segments "A-1" through "Z-1" or "A-2" through "Z-2." Korean War fatality files can be
found in alpha-numeric segments ending in "4," "5," and sometimes "6." Alpha-numeric segments ending
in "3" consist of headstone application files for all eras. Thus, within part one of the series,
segment "A-1" would contain files for individuals whose surnames begin with "Aa" through "Az" who died
during the World War II era. Segment "R-4" would contain files for personnel surnamed "Ra" through "Rz"
who died within the years spanning the Korean War. Again, this part of the series pertains to
servicemen classified as fatalities, whether or not their remains were recovered.
The second part of this series, incorporating case files ("X" files) for recovered but unidentified
remains, is arranged by location of cemetery or mausoleum and thereunder by remains ("X") file number.
Each cemetery or mausoleum maintained its own "X" numbers, which usually (but not always) begin with the
number 1.
The main focus of the series is American servicemen who died during World War II and the Korean War.
A typical file includes various forms, field reports, and correspondence that document the temporary
interment, disinterment, and permanent remains disposition of a specific individual, including name, rank,
serial number, next of kin, place of death, and cause of death. A few files pertaining to individuals
whose remains were recovered also include identification processing documents (dental charts, skeletal
charts, lists of recovered personal effects), and correspondence with next of kin pertaining to disposition
of remains and personal effects.
Requests for access to information in the individual deceased personnel files, 1939-54 (WNRC
Accession 092-70A-0001), should be addressed to the U.S. Total Army Personnel Command at:
CDR, PERSCOM
ATTN: TAPC-ALP-A
Alexandria, VA 22332-0405
APPENDIX G
MICROFILMED RECORDS CITED
CONTRACT MICROFILM PUBLICATIONS
This section lists NARA holdings of contractor-produced microfilm publications cited in the reference
information paper for NARA-assigned contractor microfilm publication number; NARA records series title, file
number, and file title (if applicable); roll numbers; and name of contractor/publisher. Specific roll
numbers pertaining to particular records or files are cited in the narrative description of this paper.
Researchers can purchase individual rolls of contract microfilm from the contractor/publishers whose
addresses are listed below. Roll lists can be obtained from the contractors or from the Textual
Reference Branch of the National Archives at College Park.
C-0015(UPA)
Department of State decimal file, 1945-63, File 611.61 (1955-59): SOVIET UNION-U.S. Relations with.
Rolls 11-15. University Publications of America [II.16]
C-0018 (SR)
Department of State decimal file, 1945-63, File 611.95 (1955-59): KOREA-U.S. Relations with.
Rolls 1-3. Scholarly Resources [II.16]
C-0042(UPA)
"Black Book on cease-fire, December 12, 1950-December 25, 1952 (Lot File 55D128) [Contractor Title:
Japan Lot Files]. Rolls 1-7. University Publications of America [II.24]
C-0042(UPA)
Alpha-numeric file on Korea, 1952-57 (Lot Files 58D643 and 59D407). Rolls 7-11.
University Publications of America [II.27]
UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA
4520 EAST-WEST HIGHWAY
BETHESDA, MD 20814-3389
1-800-692-6300
SCHOLARLY RESOURCES
104 GREENHILL AVENUE
WILMINGTON, DE 19805-1897
1-800-772-8937
NARA MICROFILM PUBLICATIONS
M1191
Cross-Reference Sheets to the Correspondence of the Office of the Secretary of the Army, 1947-64.
485 rolls (35mm.) [II.97]
P2264
Microfilm Copies of Press Releases and Other Records Relating to Korean War Casualties, [August 28,]
1950-[September 13,] 1953. 21 rolls (35 mm) [II.83]
T1010
Cross-Reference Sheets to Army Intelligence Project Decimal File, 1941-45. 179 rolls, numbered
213-391 (16 mm) [II.61]
T1152
United Nations Command Korean Armistice Negotiations, 1951-53. 11 rolls (35 mm) [II.86]
Most NARA microfilm publications are listed in National Archives Microfilm Resources for Research: A
Comprehensive Catalog (Washington, DC, 1996). Copies of numbered National Archives microfilm
publications are available for sale from the Publication Sales Section (NWPS), National Archives and Records
Administration, Room G-7, 700 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20408-0001, 1-800-234-8861.
Other microfilmed records are cited at paragraphs II.61, II.86, and II.137.
This index covers parts I-V (but not the appendixes) of the reference information paper.
Numbers following an index entry, e.g., "Army Attaches," refer to part and paragraph number(s), e.g.,
V.18 or IV.13-IV.15, in the body of the text. Record group title entries are in boldface
type.
1st Cavalry Division IV.6
3d Bomb Group II.139
5th Air Force II.137, II.38, II.39
8th Army II.86, II.114, II.116, II.118, II.144, II.157
8th Fighter-Bomber Squadron II.139
9th Fighter-Bomber Squadron II.139
17th Bomb Group II.139
18th Fighter Bomber Wing II.139
22d U.S. Army Prisoner of War/Civilian Internee Information Center II.125-II.126
24th Infantry Division IV.6
38th parallel map II.85
121st Army Evacuation Hospital IV.8
509th Replacement Center IV.8
6147th Tactical Air Control Group II.139
8059th Army Unit II.113
8167th Army Unit II.113
8167th Army Unit Hospital II.110, IV.8
8204th Army Unit II.31a, II.115
8238th Army Unit II.118
ABC Radio collection IV.29
access restrictions I.25-I.27
Ad Hoc Board for Review of Sentences in RECAP-K Cases II.41
Ad Hoc Committee on Prisoners of War (Defense Department) II.59
Adjutant General (Army) II.146-II.157, III.19-III.25
recordkeeping practices I.17
repatriate lists II.115
repatriation procedures II.144
Adjutant General Section (Army Forces, Far East) II.103-II.118
Adjutant General Section (Far East Command) II.99-II.102
Adjutant General Section (U.N. Command) II.90-II.91
Adjutant General's Office, 1917- , Records of the (RG 407) II.146-II.157, III.19-III.25
Administrative and Management Division (Naval Personnel Bureau) II.1
Advisory Committee on Prisoners of War (Defense Department) II.94, II.127
aerial photographs
Korean War casualties V.13
North Korean POW camps II.27, II.39
aerial photography
surveillance flights II.45-II.47
African American POWs II.27
agenda item 4 (Military Armistice Conference) I.10, II.71, II.72, II.86
Air Force (Air Staff), Records of Headquarters of U.S. (RG 341) II.130-II.137
Air Force Commands, Activities, and Organizations, Records of U.S. (RG 342)
II.138-II.140, IV.23, V.14-V.15
Air Force Europe, U.S. II.137
Air Force personnel
aircraft "shoot downs" II.20,II.94, II.127-II.128, II.131, II.135, II.136, II.158
photographs V.7, V.16, V.17
Korean War casualties II.82, III.14-III.17
Korean War MIAs II.26, II.32, II.127
declarations of death II.128, II.136
Korean War mission reports II.139-II.140
Korean War POWs I.7, II.32, II.127
compensation II.135
deaths in captivity II.109, II.136
film footage IV.18, IV.27a
misconduct inquiries, prosecutions II.127, II.128, II.132, II.135
repatriates II.128
interrogations I.13, II.134
statistical lists II.123
Air Force, Records of the Office of the Secretary of the (RG 340) II.127-II.129
Air Force Still Picture Collection, U.S. V.14-V.15
aircraft (photographs) V.2, V.3, V.14
aircraft "shoot downs"
Air Force records II.127-II.128, II.131, II.135
congressional inquiries II.77a
crew fate I.2, I.7, I.9
Army role in repatriation II.94
compensation II.135
declarations of death II.128
Defense Secretary's correspondence II.77a
"noncombat" deaths II.136
photographs V.1, V.16, V.17
Red Cross aid II.158
JCS records II.46
list II.20
Navy records II.2, II.3
photographs V.16
State Department records II.16, II.19-II.20
American Red Cross II.158-II.160, IV.30
Armed Forces Radio and Television Service IV.21
Armenia II.20
Army attaches II.56, II.57, II.65
Army Board on Prisoner of War Collaboration II.44
Army Center for Military History, U.S. II.80
Army Chief of Staff, II.49-II.52
Army Command Information Unit IV.21
Army Commands, 1942- , Records of U.S. (RG 338) II.99-II.126
Army, Department of the
air crew repatriation II.94
casualty data file III.19
Casualty Division radio messages II.116
declarations of death II.114
interrogation instructions II.100
Korean War armistice talks II.24, II.25
agreement documents II.85
post-armistice POWs II.90, II.91
POW/MIA issues II.46
misconduct prosecutions II.43, II.44, II.103
POW conduct training II.149d
POW status reporting instructions II.117
Secretary's correspondence II.77a, II.92-II.98
Senate POW/MIA investigations II.II
voluntary nonrepatriates II.94, II.149d
Army Forces, Far East, U.S. II.86, II.103-II.122, II.149d, II.157
Army Forces Strike Command, U.S. II.125-II.126
Army hospitals II.110, II.157, IV.8
Army Hours IV.21-IV.22
Army intelligence staff II.54, II.63, II.65, II.118, II.122
Army, Pacific, U.S. II.123-II.124
Army personnel. See Also United Nations
Command personnel
Cold War detainees II.54, II.59, II.63, II.65, II.118, II.122
Korean War casualties
casualty reports II.59, II.68,
II.149d
data files III.14-III.17,
III.19-III.25
investigation reports II.149a,
II.149d
photographs V.13
press releases II.82
remaining recovery II.29-II.32
reporting policies II.93, II.149a,
II.154, II.155
Korean War MIAs
Adjutant General's correspondence
II.146
Army Secretary's correspondence
II.93
casualty investigation reports
II.149a, II.149d
casualty reports II.59, II.68,
II.154
declaration of death II.114, II.155
intelligence staff documentation
II.54
lists and rosters II.51, II.59
pay, benefits II.155
remains recovery II.29-II.32,
II.149d
State Department case files II.26
Korean War POWs I.7
case files II.6
casualty reports II.59, II.68
data
file III.19-III.25
deaths in captivity II.149d
executions (film) IV.6
intelligence staff
documentation II.54, II.59, II.118
lists and rosters
Chief of Staff II.49, II.51
G-2 II.59, II.65
pay, promotion II.53
post-armistice POWs II.96,
II.149b
Quartermaster General's
records II.29, II.32
repatriates
espionage fears II.149c, II.149e
interrogation I.11, II.6, II.39, II.40, II.59
interviews (film, recordings) IV.6, IV.21
misconduct prosecutions II.34-II.44, II.67
photographs V.4, V.5, V.6, V.7
statistical totals II.123
VA study III.1-III.11
status
reporting instructions II.117
voluntary non-repatriates
II.42, II.59, II.90, II.94, II.149b
sound recording IV.20
POW conduct training II.59
Army, Records of the Office of the Secretary of the (RG 335) II.92-II.98, IV.21-IV.22
Army Security Center II.27
Army Signal Corps V.3-V.7
Army Staff, Records of the (RG 319) II.49-II.73, III.12-III.13, V.12-V.13
Army studies of POWs II.27, II.33, II.66, II.68, II.86, II.123, II.125, II.142, II.149b
repatriation operations II.124, II.125
Army, U.S.
Cold War detainees
definitions II.65
public relations II.146, II.149a
repatriation instructions II.149e
congressional correspondence II.59, II.149a
Geneva Convention revision II.155
Korean War casualty statistics
data files III.20, III.22
reporting policies II.92, II.117, II.149a, II.154, II.155
Korean War POWs
deindoctrination II.149c, II.149e
misconduct prosecutions II.34-II.44, II.66, II.67, II.96, II.103,
II.149a, II.149b, II.149d, II.155
negotiations II.59, II.65, II.94, II.96, II.149a
pay, promotion policy II.53
repatriation instructions II.96, II.144
repatriation operations II.125
voluntary nonrepatriates II.59, II.90, II.149a, II.149b, II.149e,
II.155
photographs V.5, V.12
policy precedent files II.155
POW conduct training II.59, II.63, II.95, II.103, II.123
war crimes investigations II.122
Arnold, John K., Jr. II.20, II.77a, II.94, II.128, II.131, II.134a, II.135, II.158, V.7
atrocities. See war crimes
audio recordings
"brainwashing" IV.19
radio broadcasts IV.17, IV.21-IIV.22, IV.29, IV.30
Senate POW/MIA investigations IV.3
voluntary nonrepatriates IV.20
autopsy findings II.19, II.136
B-29 aircraft "shoot down," 1953 II.20, II.77a, II.94, II.128, II.131, II.134a, II.135, II.158, V.7
bacteriological warfare. See biological warfare
Baltic Sea II.3
Barents Sea aircraft "shoot down," 1960 II.20, II.46
"Battle Casualties of the Army" II.68
Bay of Pigs-invasion POWs
Red Cross aid II.158
release to U.S. II.17
film footage IV.23
photographs V.1, V.10
behavior. See conduct of POWs
Bering Sea II.20
Bern, Switzerland II.28
Big Switch. See Operation Big Switch
biological warfare I.9, II.27, II.132, IV.27a
"Black Book" II.23-II.25
Bonn, Germany II.28
"brainwashing." See indoctrination
British POWs II.144
broadcast messages. See radio broadcasts
Brubeck, William II.17
Bucher, Lloyd M. IV.5, IV.8, IV.24, IV.25
burials
Air Force reports II.136
Army Adjutant General's records II.149a
Army quartermaster records II.30, II.31a, II.31b
cemeteries (photographs) V.19
C-47 aircraft "shoot down," 1951 II.131
C-118 aircraft "shoot down," 1958 II.20
C-130 aircraft "shoot down," 1958 II.20
"captive status" training. See conduct of POWs
case files I.15
Castro, Fidel V.18
casualties. See Korean War casualties
Casualty Assistance Branch (Naval Personnel Bureau) II.2-II.3
Casualty Division (Army Forces, Far East) II.106-II.118
CBS IV.29, IV.30
Center for Prisoner of War Studies II.33
Central Intelligence Agency
FBIS transcripts II.108, IV.17
indoctrination studies II.77a
Senate POW/MIA investigations II.11
Central Intelligence Agency, Records of the (RG 263) IV.17
Central Interrogation Center II.118
China, People's Republic of
aircraft incidents II.2, II.3, II.16, II.19-II.20, II.77a, II.94, II.158
Cold War detainees
Air Force records II.131
Army records II.59, II.149b
diplomatic records II.16, II.18, II.28
intelligence reports II.1
Red Cross aid II.158, II.159
Korean War
armistice talks II.71
military personnel II.6
Korean War U.S. MIAs II.77a, II.77b
Korean War U.S. POWs
armistice talks issue II.46
Army hour recording IV.21
Army psychological followup II.142
diplomatic records II.3, II.16, II.26, II.27, II.28, II.144
film footage IV.6, IV.27a
indoctrination II.65, II.77b
post-armistice accounting II.26, II.27, II.51, II.77a,
II.94, II.110, II.127, II.128, II.141
POW camps II.4
propaganda use II.77a
radio broadcasts II.107
repatriation process II.3, II.112
treatment II.39
voluntary nonrepatriates I.8, II.149d, II.149e, II.159
U.S. intelligence
photo reconnaissance II.45, II.47
strategic targets II.138
World War II Japanese POWs II.77a
Chinese Peace Committee II.108
Chinese People's Volunteers II.71, II.85
Chinese POWs II.4
civilian captives and detainees
Cold War II.1, II.149b, II.159
photographs V.18
Korean War
diplomatic records II.16, II.27
lists II.123
Military Armistice Commission efforts II.72, II.141
Red Cross aid II.158, II.159
Clark collection II.140
Clark, Mark IV.27a
clothing II.27
Code of Conduct for Members of the Armed Forces of the United States II.27, II.51, II.59, II.67, II.94,
II.123, II.149c
Cold War detainees. See also Bay of Pigs-invasion
POWs; Pueblo incident
Air Force personnel II.127
Arnold crew
II.77a, 11.94, II.128, II.131, II.35, II.158
photographs V.7,
V.15, V.17
Powers case
II.16, II.20, IV.29
Army records II.92, II.149, II.149b
intelligence
I.12, II.54, II.59, II.65
policy II.149a
case files I.15
congressional inquiries II.12,
II.65, II.77a
Cuban releases (photographs) V.17,
V.18
document index II.80
Navy personnel II.1, II.4, II.127
radio broadcasts IV.17
Red Cross aid II.158, II.159
Senate investigation II.12
summary I.2, I.7, I.19
Cold War MIAs I.2, I.7
Air Force records II.127
Army records II.92, II.149
policy II.149a
declaration of death II.128
document index II.80
inquiries in aircraft incidents II.131
photographs V.15
collaboration charges
Air Force investigation II.127, II.128
Army policies II.149d, II.155"
Army studies II.123
Far East Command lists II.141
prosecutions I.8
Army II.35, II.44, II.96, II.149a, II.149b
Defense Department policy statements II.77b
radio program IV.30
repatriate interrogations I.11
Army II.11, II.35, II.66, II.68
naval intelligence case files II.6
Commander in Chief, Far East II.48, II.114
Commander, Naval Forces Far East II.86
Communist China. See China, People's Republic of
Communist prisoners of war I.3
interrogations II.51, II.138
photographs V.10
UN Command camps II.125, II.158
war crimes suspects, witnesses II.38
conduct of POWs. See Also collaboration charges
Army studies II.66, II.123, II.125
Code of Conduct development II.27, II.51, II.59, II.67, II.94, II.123, II.125, II.149c
misconduct prosecutions
Air Force policy II.127, II.128, II.132, II.135
Army II.40-II.44, II.51, II.96, II.103, II.149a, II.149b,
II.149d, II.155
Defense Department policy II.46, II.77b
Marine Corps inquiry II.77a
sentence review II.41, II.123
repatriate interrogations
Army II.40, II.144
naval intelligence II.5
training II.46, II.51, II.59, II.67, II.94, II.95, II.123, II.125
Air Force II.127, II.128
attitudes survey II.103
"confessions" I.8, II.5, II.27, II.132, IV.5, IV.27a
Congress, U.S.
Air Force records II.127
Army correspondence II.146, II.149a, II.149b
Cold War detainees II.65, II.149b
Defense Department correspondence II.77a, II.77b
espionage investigations II.59
POW misconduct inquiries II.128
Senate POW/MIA investigations II.8-II.13, IV.2-IV.3
consular records II.28, II.144
Cooley, W.H. II.142
correspondence of POWs
Army study II.27
confirmation of POW status II.51, II.118
Navy case files II.2, II.5
voluntary nonrepatriates II.90
counterintelligence II.66, II.68
court-martial trials
Army prosecutions II.40-II.41, II.149a
review II.123
crimes by POWs. See also collaboration charges
Army interrogations II.43, II.144, II.149d
voluntary nonrepatriates II.42
Cuba. See also Bay of Pigs-invasion POWs
American prisoners, 1958 (photographs) V.18
released "political prisoners" (photographs) V.17
Czechoslovakia
POW repatriation supervision II.68, II.71
Dean, William Frisbee IV.21
death declaration II.77a, II.114, II.128, II.136, II.149a, II.155, III.14
deaths of POWs in captivity
Air Force personnel II.136
Army personnel II.149d, III.14
intelligence interrogations II.63, II.109, II.110, II.118
Defense Department list II.83
Navy casualty case files II.3
State Department reports II.144
war crimes investigations II.122
debriefings. See interrogations of repatriated POWs
decimal files I.19-I.22
defectors II.65, II.138, IV.17
Defense Advisory Committee on Prisoners of War II.94
Defense Department
casualty press releases II.82-II.83
JCS dispatches II.48
Korean War cease-fire negotiations II.23
MIA statements II.26
POW/MIA issues II.74-II.80, II.127
conduct II.27, II.59, II.123, II.128
deindoctrination II.149c
discipline for collaboration II.44
voluntary nonrepatriates II.149e
Defense Department Joint Casualty Resolution Center II.11
Defense Intelligence Agency II.11
Defense Prisoner of War/Missing in Action Office II.79-II.81
Defense, Records of the Office of the Secretary of (RG 330) II.74-II.83, III.15-III.18, IV.19
deindoctrination II.77a, II.149c
Dickenson, Edward V.7
diet of POWs
Army studies II.27
malnourished POWs (photographs) V.12
repatriate interrogations II.4, II.63
diplomatic correspondence 1.15
foreign posts II.28, II.144
JCS correspondence II.46, II.48
State Department central files II.16
dishonorable discharges II.77a
Dowe, Michael IV.21
East Asian Affairs, Office of (State Department) II.26
East Germany
Cold War detainees II.65, II.158
Eastern Europe
U.S. intelligence II.137
electronic records III.1-III.25
embassy records II.28, II.144
Engineering Division (Air Force Materiel Command) II.138, II.140
Ervin, Sam II.17
"escape and evasion" tactics
Army study II.27
repatriate interrogations I.11, II.63
training II.59, II.95, II.131
escapes and attempted escapes II.1, II.6, II.118, II.138
espionage
"brainwashing" fears II.59, II.65, II.149c, II.149e
captured Americans (radio broadcasts) IV.17
charges against Americans I.9
Arnold trial II.77a
exchange of prisoners. See repatriation of POWs
"exchange processing orders" II.110
executions of POWs II.122, IV.6, V.6
eyewitness reports. See live-sighting reports
families of POWs/MIAs
Air Force remains recovery II.136
information requests II.119
motion pictures IV.27a, IV.30
Navy casualty files II.2
POW correspondence II.5, II.118
propaganda use II.77a
Red Cross aid II.158, IV.30
Senate investigations II.8-II.9
visits to voluntary nonrepatriates II.90, II.149d
Far East Air Force, U.S. II.137, II.138
Far East Command
armistice POW issues II.123, II.144
Army Forces, Far East II.114, II.116, II.119
POW rosters II.121
command reports II.157
HQ/AG Section records II.99-II.102
Intelligence Division records II.141
J-2 interrogations II.5, II.91
JCS messages II.48
Operation Little Switch report II.68
radio broadcast transcriptions II.108
repatriation study II.124
Far Eastern Affairs Bureau (State Department) II.22-II.27
Fey, Hewett H. II.149b
fingerprint analysis II.149a, II.149d
firsthand accounts of POWs I.15
fliers. See Air Force personnel; Navy aviators
Florida
Bay of Pigs POW release IV.23, V.10, V.17
food. See diet of POWs
"forced repatriation" II.77a, II.77b
Foreign Broadcast Information Service [Bureau] II.11, II.108, IV.17
Foreign Claims Settlement Commission II.127, II.135
Foreign Relations Committee, Senate II.11
Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, Records of the (RG 84) II.28
Fort DeRussy, HI IV.8
Fort Mason, CA IV.8
"Freedom Village" II.157, IV.8, IV.11
G-1 (Personnel), Assistant Chief of Staff for (Army) II.53
G-2 (Intelligence), Assistant Chief of Staff for (Army) II.44, II.54-II.66
G-2 interrogations (8th Army) II.118
G-2 staff (Army Forces, Far East) II.86
G-3 (Operations), Assistant Chief of Staff for (Army) II.67-II.73
Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War II.6, II.59, II.125, II.155
George Washington University II.68, II.123
germ warfare. See biological warfare
Germany. See also East Germany
U.S. Embassy records II.28
Goldin collection IV.30
Graves Registration Service II.31b, II.115
Great Britain
Korean War POWs II.144
group burials II.136
Haneda Airport IV.27a
USHS Haven IV.8
Hawaii
repatriation facilities IV.8
Headquarters, Far East Command II.99-II.102, II.157
Headquarters, United Nations Command (Advance) II.86
Headquarters U.S. Air Force (Air Staff), Records of (RG 341) II.130.II.137
Headquarters, U.S. Army Forces, Far East II.103-II.122
health of POWs. See also diet of POWs
captivity conditions II.77b
Army studies II.27, II.33
camp sanitation II.4, II.63, II.122
involuntary medical experiments II.122
Red Cross reports II.158
repatriate interrogations II.39, II.66, II.107
evaluation for court-martial appeals II.41
medical care during repatriation II.113, II.157
film footage IV.6, IV.27a
See also Operation Little Switch
Hickam Air Force Base [Field], HI IV.8, IV.27a
Hokkaido, Japan II.20
Homestead Air Force Base, FL V.10, V.17
Hong Kong IV.27a
Honolulu, HI IV.27a
hospital corpsmen II.2
hospitals. See Army hospitals
Human Resources Research Office (George Washington University( II.68, II.123
Hungary
Cold War detentions II.131
Inchon, Korea IV.8
India II.68
indoctrination practices
Defense Department records II.77a, II.149c, II.149e
deindoctrination II.77a, II.149c
espionage fears II.6, II.59, II.65, II.149c, II.149e
repatriate interrogations I.8, I.11
Air Force personnel II.138
Army personnel II.59, II.63
naval intelligence II.4, II.5
war crimes investigations II.122
resistance training
Air Force II.127, II.28
Army II.95, II.123, II.125, II.155
sound recordings IV.19, IV.30
studies and reports
Air Force II.135
Army II.27, II.66, II.67, II.68, II.125, II.149b
CIA II.77a
Information Agency, Records of the U.S. (RG 306) IV.18, V.19-V.11
Information, Operations, and Reports Directorate (Defense Department) III.15
Intelligence (G-2), Assistant Chief of Staff for (Army) II.44, II.54-II.66
Intelligence (G-2) interviewers (8th Army) II.118
intelligence-gathering activities. See also interrogations of repatriated POWs by U.S.
counterintelligence II.66, II.68
diplomatic records II.16, II.24, II.28
naval intelligence II.4-II.6
POW movements II.144
repatriate interrogations I.11
Air Force Project Winger II.137
Cold War detainees II.1
World War II POWs II.138
surveillance flights I.7, II.19-II.20, II.45-II.47
Intelligence (J-2), Assistant Chief of Staff for (FAR East Command) II.5, II.68, II.91, II.108, II.121,
II.124
Intelligence (J-2) Division (Far East Command) II.140
Intelligence Section (Naval Forces Far East) II.86
International Affairs Division (Army Judge Advocate General) II.35-II.39
International Committee of the Red Cross II.90, II.121, II.144
International Court of Justice II.19
International Military Agencies, Records of the (RG 333) II.84-II.91
interrogation of Communist POWs II.51, II.138
interrogation of POWs by Communists
Air Force studies II.135
Army intelligence records II.50, II.63, II.66
Army studies II.27, II.125, II.149b
Army training II.95
film footage IV.27a
naval intelligence II.4, II.5, II.6
radio program IV.30
war crimes investigations II.122
interrogation of repatriated POWs by U.S.
Air Force personnel I.13, II.134, II.134a, II.137
Army programs
AFFE summaries II.118, II.120
Far East Command analysis II.91, II.141
instructions II.100
intelligence records II.59
procedures II.149c, II.149d
RECAP-K II.40-II.44, II.63-II.64, III.12-III.13
casualty status investigations II.51, II.109, II.118, II.120
Cold War detainees II.54
RECAP-WW I.12, II.59, II.62, II.149e
Wringer I.13, II.137
diplomatic records II.28
film footage IV.8, IV.11, IV.27a
foreign nationals II.4
World War II Japanese II.28, II.77a, II.138
misconduct allegations II.4, II.5, II.6, II.86
Operation Big Switch reports II.39
Operation Little Switch reports II.110
sound recordings IV.6
summary I.11, I.18
war crimes investigations II.34, II.39, II.103, II.122
Investigations, Senate Permanent Committee on II.65
Iran hostage crisis III.2
J-2 (Intelligence), Assistant Chief of Staff for (Far East command) II.5, II.91, II.108, II.121, II.124
J-2 (Intelligence) Division (Far East Command) II.141
Japan
aircraft incidents II.20
photographs V.16
U.S. Embassy records II.28
U.S. POW repatriation process II.113
film footage IV.6, IV.8
Japan, Office of the U.S. Political Advisor for II.28
Japanese Liaison Section (Far East Command) II.108
Japanese POWs (World War II) II.28, II.77a, II.138
Joint Casualty Resolution Center II.11
Joint Chiefs of Staff
captivity training II.149d
Defense Secretary's correspondence II.77a
Senate POW/MIA investigations II.11
Joint Chiefs of Staff, Records of the U.S. (RG 218) II.45-II.48
Joint Classification Board II.68, II.91
Joint Commands, Records of (RG 349) II.141
Joint Commission Support Directorate II.81
Joint Service SERE Agency II.11
Judge Advocate General (Army), Records of the Office of the (RG 153) II.34-II.44
Judge Advocate Section (Army Forces, Far East) II.122
Judge Advocate Section (Korean Communications Zone) II.36
Justice Department, U.S. II.149e
K-16 Air Base, Korea IV.23
Kaesong, Korea I.8
Klaus, Sam II.19-II.20
Korea. See also North Korea; South Korea
American POWs II.144
U.S. photo reconnaissance II.45, II.47
Korean Communications Zone II.36, II.157
Korean People's Army II.71, II.85
Korean POWs II.4
Korean War armistice talks
agreement documents II.85, II.125, II.144
Army proposals II.65, II.123
diplomatic records I.15, II.23-II.26, II.28
film footage IV.27a
implementation II.84, II.89
Military Armistice Conference records II.71-II.72, II.86-II.87, II.90
photographs V.19
provisions II.141
Korean War casualties
Air Force personnel II.136
Army personnel II.29-II.32, II.59, II.68
data files III.19-III.25
investigation reports II.149a, II.149d
reporting policies II.92, II.149a, II.154, II.155
case files I.15
Defense Department press releases II.82-II.83
interservice data file III.14-III.17
Navy personnel II.2-II.3
repatriate survey II.115
U.N. Command personnel II.111, II.119
Korean War combat descriptions
Air Force mission reports II.139-II.140
Army command reports II.101, II.157
circumstances of capture II.101, II.104
film footage IV.23
photographs V.2, V.3, V.8, V.9, V.19
Korean War Joint Red Cross Team Operation II.158
Korean War MIAs
Air Force personnel II.26, II.32, II.127-II.128, II.136
armistice talks issue
diplomatic records II.25, II.26
JCS correspondence II.46, II.48
Military Armistice Conference II.72, II.90
Army personnel
Adjutant General's records II.149, II.149a, II.149d
AFFE records II.104, II.116
casualty data file III.19-III.21
casualty investigations II.149a, II.149d
intelligence records II.59
lists II.51
remains recovery II.31a, II.31b
Secretary's correspondence II.92, II.93, II.96
case files I.15
casualty press releases II.82-II.83
congressional inquiries II.77a, II.149a
Senate investigations II.13
declarations of death II.77a, II.114, II.128, II.136, III.14
Defense Department policies II.75-II.78
definition and classification II.103, II.119, II.154, II.155
diplomatic records II.28
document index II.80
Far East Command II.100, II.101, II.141
Marine Corps personnel II.3
Navy personnel II.2, II.3
post-armistice list II.91
totals I.7
U.N. Command personnel II.103, II.106, II.111-II.112, II.125
war crimes victims (photographs) V.6, V.13
labor of POWs II.4, II.5
Legal Advisor (State Department) II.19-II.21
Legislative and Precedent Branch (Adjutant General) II.155-II.156
Legislative and Public Affairs Office (Defense Department) II.77a
Legislative Liaison, Office of (Defense Department) II.77a
LeGro, William E. II.13
"lessons learned" II.67, II.95, II.125
letters. See correspondence of POWs
Library of Congress II.80
Life magazine II.66
lists and rosters of Cold War detainees II.59, II.65
lists and rosters of MIAs (Korean War) I.15
armistice talks II.26, II.72
Army Forces, Far East II.103, II.111-II.112
Army Korean War Casualty File III.19-III.21
Army operations II.67
Defense replies to Congress II.77a
Far East Command II.101
Korean Conflict Casualty File III.14-III.17
Navy casualty case files II.2, II.3
post-armistice suspected POWs II.59, II.91
UN Command personnel II.103, II.111-II.112, II.125
lists and rosters of POWs (Korean War) I.15
armistice talks II.26, II.72
Army Chief of Staff II.49, II.51
Army Forces, Far East II.103, II.107, II.111-II.112
Army intelligence II.59, II.65
Army Korean War Casualty File III.19-III.21
Army operations II.67, II.68
Army Provost Marshal General II.144
deaths II.83, II.109
Far East Command II.101, II.121
naval intelligence II.5
Navy case files II.2, II.3, II.6-II.7
post-armistice lists II.59, II.91, II.124, II.141
Red Cross lists II.144
repatriates II.64, II.115
security investigations II.149e
sick and wounded repatriates II.83
Operation Little Switch interrogations II.110
UN Command personnel II.103, II.111-II.113, II.118, II.125
VA benefits study III.2-III.10
voluntary nonrepatriates II.149e
war crimes victims II.118, II.122
Little Switch. See Operation Little Switch
live-sighting reports
Air Force interrogations II.134, II.138
armistice talks II.26
Army records II.51, II.54, II.59, II.118, II.149a
Defense replies to Congress II.77a
diplomatic records II.16, II.28, II.144
Far East Command summaries II.141
Navy records II.2, II.4
post-armistice accounting II.91
POW lists II.103
repatriate interrogations I.11
living conditions in POW camps
Air Force interrogations, studies II.134, II.138
Army studies II.27, II.68
Defense Secretarry's correspondence II.77b
naval intelligence II.4, II.5
Red Cross reports II.158
Logistics and Liaison Division (UNCMAC) II.88
malnutrition. See diet of POWs
Manchuria
aircraft incidents II.20, II.94, II.131
American POWs II.65, II.144
strategic targets II.138
maps
aircraft incidents II.19
armistice agreement II.85
Munsan-ni compound II.157
POW camps II.4, II.27, II.39, II.123, II.144
remains recovery II.136
Marine Corps personnel
air combat mission reports II.140
Korean War casualties II.82, III.14-III.17
Korean War POWs/MIAs
case files II.3, II.6-II.7
deaths in captivity II.109
intelligence interrogations II.86
misconduct inquiry II.77a
repatriates (film) IV.11
repatriates (photographs) V.2, V.8, V.9
statistical lists of repatriates II.123
totals I.7
Marine Corps, Records of the U.S. (RG 127) IV.11-IV.13, V.8-V.9
Materiel Command (Air Force), II.138, II.140
Materiel, Deputy Chief of Staff for (Air Force) II.136
medical care. See health of POWs
Mercator aircraft "shoot down," 1956 II.20
Milatoni, Pat IV.21
Military Armistice Commission
armistice talks II.71-II.72, II.86
repatriation issues I.10, II.68
POW accounting II.144
records II.86, II.90
Military History Office (U.S. Army, Pacific) II.123-II.124
Military Personnel Directorate (Air Force) II.135
military reconnaissance. See surveillance flights
military training. See training under conduct of POWs
Missing Persons Act II.77a, II.136, II.149a, II.155
Mortuary and Graves Registration Branch (Air Force Personnel) II.136
Moscow, Russia
U.S. Embassy records II.28
U.S. military attache II.65
motion pictures
Air Force activities IV.23
Army activities IV.6-IV.10
Marine Corps activities IV.11-IV.13
Navy activities IV.24-IV.26
newsreels IV.27-IV.28
North Korean films IV.14-IV.16
Pueblo incident IV.4-IV.5
Red Cross report IV.30
USIA items IV.18
Movietone News IV.27b
Munsan-ni, Korea, repatriation facilities II.157
film footage IV.8, IV.11, IV.23, IV.24, IV.27a
map II.157
photographs II.157, V.2
Munsan-ni, Provisional Command II.157
murder of POWs II.122, IV.27a
Murrow, Edward R. IV.30
Mutual Broadcasting System IV.21, IV.30
National Air and Space Museum V.14
National Archives II.80
National Archives Collection of Foreign Records Seized (RG 242) IV.14-IV.16
National Public Radio IV.29
National Security Council II.24
naval aircraft
photographs V.2
"shoot downs" II.20
Naval Forces Far East II.86
Naval Health Research Center II.38
Naval Intelligence, Office of II.4-II.7
Naval Operations, Records of the Office of the Chief of (RG 38) II.4-II.7
Naval Personnel, Records of the Bureau of (RG 24) II.1-II.3
naval ships (photographs) V.2
Navy aviators II.2, II.127
air combat mission reports II.140
Navy Department II.11
Navy, General Records of the Department of the, 1798-1947 (RG 80) V.2
Navy, General Records of the Department of the, 1947- (RG 428) IV.24-IV.26, V.18
Navy Hospital, San Diego, CA IV.25
Navy Operational Archives, U.S. II.80
Navy personnel
aircraft "shoot downs" I.20, II.2, II.3, II.131
Castro prisoners, 1958 V.18
Cold War detainees II.127
Korean War casualties II.82, III.14-III.17
Korean War POWs/MIAs
case files II.2-II.3, II.6-II.7
deaths in captivity II.109
repatriates
intelligence interrogations
II.86
photographs V.2
statistical lists II.123
State Department central files II.16
totals I.7
Navy, U.S.
photographs V.2, V.18
POW repatriate transport II.158
Pueblo film IV.4
Neptune aircraft "shoot downs" lII.20
Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission
duties II.144
post-armistice repatriates II.124
reports on operations II.5, II.33, II.68
reports, records II.89, II.90, II.125
UN Command interaction II.84
Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission II.71, II.72
newsreels IV.27a, IV.27b, IV.27c, IV.28
nonrepatriates. See unaccounted for POWs; voluntary nonrepatries
North Korea. See also North Korean POW camps
aircraft incidents II.20, II.77a, II.94, II.131
Cold War detainees II.158
Pueblo incident II.159, IV.4
Korean War
armistice talks II.25, II.46, II.71
strategic targets II.138
Korean War U.S. MIAs II.77a, II.77b
Korean War U.S. POWs
film footage IV.14-IV.15, IV.23, IV.27a
lists II.5
photographs II.118
post-armistice accounting II.27, II.51, II.77a, II.90, II.91,
II.94, II.96, II.110
propaganda use II.77a
radio broadcasts II.107
repatriation process II.112
sightings II.28
treatment II.39, II.77b
voluntary nonrepatriates II.149d
war crimes investigations II.36, II.38, II.51, II.122
North Korean POW camps
aerial photographs II.27, II.39
intelligence from repatriation interrogations II.5, II.6, II.134
lists II.59, II.123, II.144, II.155
North Korean reports II.100
POWs by camp II.68
maps II.39, II.86, II.123, II.144
radio broadcasts by POWs II.108
radio program IV.30
North Korean POWs II.138
nutrition. See diet of POWs.
O'Brien, Lawrence II.17
"Olympic" games [intercamp event] II.144
Operation Big Switch
8th Army operations plan II.86
Army Forces, Far East records II.117
Army operations reports II.68, II.157
Army study II.125
film footage IV.11, IV.23, IV.24
interrogation reports I.18, II.110, II.118, II.149d
film footage IV.8
index III.12
J-2 report II.91
naval intelligence reports II.5, II.6
photographs V.1-V.2, V.4-V.9, V.12
Red Cross reports II.158
repatriates list II.64
summary I.10
war crimes investigations II.38
Operations (G-3), Assistant Chief of Staff for (Army) II.67-II.73
Operations, Deputy Chief of Staff for (Air Force Intelligence) II.134a, II.137
Operations, Deputy Chief of Staff for (Air Force Plans) II.130-II.134
Operations Division (Far East Command) II.99-II.102
Operations Section (Naval Intelligence Office) II.4-II.5
P2V aircraft "shoot downs" II.20, II.131
P4M aircraft "shoot downs" lII.20
Panmunjom, Korea
armistice talks II.46, II.59, II.74, II.85
POW repatriation
film footage IV.8, IV.18, IV.27a
photographs V.2
receiving procedures II.157
Paramount News IV.27a
pay of POWs/MIAs
Air Force personnel II.127, II.128, II.135
Army personnel II.53, II.155
Navy personnel II.2
VA study III.2
"Peking Intercepts" II.108
People's Republic of China. See China, People's Republic of
Permanent Committee on Investigations, Senate II.77a
Personnel (G-1), Assistant Chief of Staff for (Army) II.53
Personnel, Deputy Chief of Staff for (Air Force) II.135
Phase I RECAP-K I.11, II.6
Phase II RECAP-K I.11, II.6, II.44, II.51, II.63
Phase III RECAP-K I.11, II.6, II.63
Phase IV RECAP-K I.11, II.51
photographs
aircraft incidents II.19, V.1, V.16, V.17
war crimes victims V.13, II.38
photographs of POWs V.1-V.20
Air Force records II.129
Army records II.66, II.107, II.118, II.157
diplomatic records II.26
Planning and Program Evaluation Office (Veterans Administration) III.11
Plans, Director of (Air Force Operations) II.130-II.134
Poland
POW repatriation supervision II.68, II.71
Political Advisor for Japan, Office of the U.S. II.28
political dissidents IV.17
political prisoners II.127, V.17
Powers, Francis Gary II.16, II.20, IV.29
POW/MIA Affairs, Senate Select Committee on II.8-II.13, IV.2-IV.3
Presidents, U.S.
Defense Secretary's correspondence II.74, II.77a
Presidio of San Francisco, CA IV.8
Press Branch (Defense Department) II.82
Prisoner of War Camp Number 5 II.144, IV.30
prisoner-of-war camps (Communist)
aerial photographs II.27, II.39
Air Force interrogations II.138
Army intelligence records II.59, II.63, II.134
Army study II.27
British prisoners II.144
lists II.100, II.112, II.155
POWs by camp II.68
maps
diagrams II.27, II.39
location of camps II.86, II.123, II.144
naval intelligence II.4, II.5, II.6
radio broadcasts by POWs II.108
radio program IV.30
Red Cross inspections II.158
repatriate interrogations I.11
war crimes investigations II.122
prisoner-of-war camps (UN) II.125, II.143, II.158
Prisoner of War/Civilian Internee Information Center (22d Army) II.125-II.126
Prisoner of War Collaboration Board (Army) II.44
Prisoner of War Committee (Defense Department) II.59, II.94, II.123
Prisoner of War Division (Army Forces, Far East) II.120
Prisoner of War Division (Provost Marshal General) II.143-II.145
prisoner-of-war organizations II.27
Project Wringer I.13, II.137
Promotions and Separations Division (Air Force Personnel) II.135
propaganda use of POWs II.5, II.77a, II.107, II.117
Provost Marshal General II.33
Provost Marshal General, 1941- , Records of the Office of the (RG 389) II.142-II.145
Provost Marshal Section (Army Forces, Far East) II.119-II.121
Psychiatry and Neurology Consultant (Surgeon General, Army) II.33
psychological and psychiatric studies of POWs
Army studies II.33, II.66, II.142
evaluations in court-martial cases II.41
Far East Command analysis II.68, II.91
naval intelligence II.6
psychological manipulation of POWs I.8, II.122
Psychological Strategy Board II.77a
psychological warfare II.68
See also indoctrination; propaganda use of POWs
Psychological Warfare Research Division (Army) II.68
Public Information Office (Defense Department) II.82-II.83
Public Information Office (UN Command) II.123
public opinion on POW/MIA issues
Air Force records II.127
Army records II.147, II.149a, II.149b
Defense Secretary's correspondence II.77a, II.77b
U.S.S. Pueblo incident
crew repatriation
compensation III.2
film footage IV.4, IV.8, IV.24, IV.25
negotiations (recording) IV.5
Navy motion picture IV.4
radio broadcasts IV.5, IV.17
Red Cross reports II.159
"Pyeng-yang" prison camp II.144
Pyoktong POW camp (Number 5) II.144, IV.30
Pyongyang, Korea
film footage IV.6, IV.14
Quartermaster Corps II.29
Quartermaster General, Records of the Office of the (RG 92) II.29-II.32
radio broadcasts by POWs
Army study II.27
lists II.107, II.118, II.144
Pueblo commander IV.5
recordings IV.17
transcripts II.2, II.66, II.108, IV.17
Radio Peking II.66, II.108, II.118
radio programs
Army Hour IV.21-IV.22
network news IV.29
Radio Pyongyang II.66, IV.5
RB-29 aircraft "shoot downs" II.20
RB-47 aircraft "shoot downs" II.20, II.46, V.17
RB-50 aircraft "shoot downs" II.20
RECAP-K program
Adjutant General II.149d
Army Chief of Staff II.51
G-2 records II.59, II.62-II.64
interrogation reports II.63-II.64
index III.12-III.13
JAG misconduct investigations II.35, II.40-II.44
Navy, Marine Corps POWs II.6
operations procedures II.68
Phase II final report II.44
Provost Marshal General II.144
summary I.11
RECAP-WW program I.12, II.59, II.62, II.149e
reconnaissance. See surveillance flights
Red Cross. See American Red Cross, International Committee for the Red Cross
remains recovery and identification I.15
Air Force personnel II.136
Army personnel II.29, II.30, II.31a, II.31b, II.149a, II.149d
Navy, Marine Corps personnel II.3
Operation Glory I.10, II.31a
photographs V.13
UN Command procedures II.141
repatriated Korean War POWs. See also interrogations of repatriated POWs by US;
misconduct prosecutions UNDER conduct of POWs; voluntary repatriates
Army Hour programs IV-21
Casualty Division radio messages II.116
compensation II.127
VA benefits study III.2-III.10
conduct training survey II.103
congressional inquiries II.77a
deindoctrination II.77a, II.149c
espionage fears II.59, II.65, II.149c, II.149e
security evaluations II.6
film footage IV.8, IV.11, IV.23, IV.24, IV.27a
lists and rosters II.64, II.112, II.113, II.115
Air Force lists II.128
public release of names II.77a
statistical counts II.123
Navy case files II.2, II.6-II.7
news interviews IV.6, IV.24
photographs V.1-V.9, V.12
postwar adjustment, condition II.33
Red Cross aid II.158
repatriation of Korean War POWs. See also Operation Big Switch; Operation Little Switch
Air Force operations reports II.135
armistice talks issues I.8
Army records II.71, II.149a
Defense Secretary's correspondence II.77a
diplomatic records II.24-II.26
JCS records II.48
Military Armistice Conference II.71-II.72, II.144
Army operations II.67, II.113
command reports II.157
instructions, procedures II.96, II.144
study II.124
Defense Department policies II.77a, II.77b
film footage IV.11, IV.23, IV.24, IV.27a, IV.27b
"forced repatriation" II.77a, II.77b
Navy operations II.2
neutral nations supervision II.5, II.68, II.71, II.90, II.144
newspaper clippings II.120
post-armistice accounting II.27, II.28, II.77a, II.88, II.94, II.141
Senate investigation II.8
transport II.2, II.123, II.158, IV.27a
UN Command plans, procedures II.53, II.84, II.86, II.88, II.89, II.144
Repatriation of Prisoners of War, UN Command
Committee for II.86, II.144
Research and Development Division (Army Surgeon General) II.42
restrictions on access I.25-I.27
Rusk, Dean II.23
Russia. See also Soviet Union
POW/MIA resolution commission II.81
Russian POWs II.4
San Diego, CA, Navy Hospital IV.25
San Francisco, CA IV.8, IV.24
sanitation of POW camps II.4, II.63, II.122
Schein, Edgar H. II.142
Sea of Japan II.20, V.16
Segal, Julius II.123
Senate, Records of the U.S. (RG 46) II.8-II.13, IV.2-IV.3
Senate, U.S.
POW/MIA investigations II.8-II.13, II.65, II.77a, IV.2-IV.3
Seoul, Korea
American POWs
film footage IV.14
photograph II.129
POW repatriation (film) IV.8, IV.27a
U.S. Embassy records II.28
"Service Chaplains" series IV.20
Siberia II.131
Signal Officer, Records of the Office of the Chief (RG 111) IV.6-IV.10, V.3-V.7
Singer, Margaret T. II.142
Smith, J.V. IV.5
South Korea
POW repatriation facilities (film) IV.8
U.S. Embassy records II.28
war crimes investigations II.36, II.38
South Korean POWs IV.23
Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs II.28
Soviet Union. See also Russia
aircraft incidents II.3, II.16, II.19-II.20, IV.29
photographs V.1, V.16, V.17
Cold War detainees
Air Force interrogations II.137
Army intelligence records II.59, II.65
diplomatic records II.16, II.28
naval intelligence reports II.1
JCS correspondence II.46
Red Cross aid II.158
Korean War armistice agreement II.85
Korean War military personnel II.6
Korean War U.S. MIAs II.96
Korean War U.S. POWs II.16, II.77a
espionage recruitment II.65
POW camps II.4, II.134, II.138
U.S. Embassy records II.28
U.S. strategic intelligence I.13
interrogations II.137, II.138
photo reconnaissance II.45-II.47
World War II Japanese POWs II.77a
State Department, U.S.
Cold War detainees
aircraft "shoot downs" II.3, II.19-II.21, II.46
Army intelligence records II.59
central files II.16-II.18
foreign post records II.28
JCS correspondence II.45
Korean War armistice talks II.23-II.26, II.28
JCS correspondence II.46, II.48
Korean War POW issues
Defense Secretary's correspondence II.74, II.77a
post-armistice POWs II.3, II.25-II.28
POW code of conduct II.27
Provost Marshal records II.144
repatriation II.24
Red Cross correspondence II.158
Senate investigations II.11
State, General Records of the Department of (RG 59) I.22-I.24, II.14-II.27, IV.4-IV.5
Studies and Analysis Service (Veterans Administration) III.11
Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers II.48, II.99-II.102
Surgeon General (Army), Records of the Office of the (RG 112) II.33
Surgeon General, Office of the II.142
surveillance flights
aircraft "shoot downs" I.7, II.2, II.19-II.20
JCS correspondence II.46
Sweden II.68, II.71
Switzerland
POW repatriation supervision II.68, II.71
U.S. Embassy records II.28
Tachikawa Air Force Base, Japan IV.8, IV.23
TAGCEN file III.22-III.25
TAGOKOR file III.19-III.21
Taiwan
Cold War aircraft incidents II.2, II.20
Task Force Russia II.81
Taylor, Maxwell IV.27a
Tokyo Army Hospital IV.110, IV.8
Tokyo General Hospital IV.6
Tokyo, Japan
POW repatriation (film) IV.8, IV.27a
U.S. Embassy records II.28
torture II.122
training. See UNDER conduct of POWs
Translator and Interpreter Service (Army) II.118
Travis Air Force Base, CA IV.8, IV.27a
treason II.43, II.144
treatment and mistreatment of POWs
Air Force studies II.131
Army studies II.27, II.33, II.63, II.66, II.86, II.123, II.125, II.149b, II.149d
Defense Secretary's correspondence II.74, II.77a
Far East Command records II.100
naval intelligence II.4, II.5
news interviews (film) IV.27a
Operation Big Switch reports II.39
radio program IV.30
Red Cross reports II.158
summary I.8
UNCREG functions II.84
war crimes investigations II.122
Tripler Army Hospital, HI IV.8
U-2 flights
JCS policies II.46
"shoot down," 1960 II.16, II.20, IV.29
U.S.-Russian Joint Commission on POW/MIAs II.81
unaccounted for POWs
Air Force records II.127
Army records
AFFE II.103
Chief of Staff lists II.51
intelligence II.59
repatriation studies II.124, II.125
Secretary's correspondence II.96
Defense POW/MIA Office II.79
Defense Secretary's correspondence II.77a, II.77b
diplomatic records II.26, II.28
Far East Command records II.141
JCS correspondence II.46
Military Armistice Conference records II.72
Red Cross lists II.158
UN Command records II.86, II.90, II.112
UNCMAC. See United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission
UNCREG. See United Nations Command Repatriation Group
Uniform Code of Military Justice II.40, II.43
United Arab Republic II.18
United Nations Command. See also United Nations Command personnel
armistice talks I.8, II.71, II.86
agreement documents II.85
POW/MIA issues II.72, II.90
command reports II.157
Defense Secretary correspondence II.74, II.77a, II.77b
holdings of POWs I.3, II.38
camp administration II.125, II.158
JCS correspondence II.46, II.48
POW/MIA issues II.116
neutral nations report II.68
post-armistice accounting II.59, II.90, II.91, II.110, II.141
repatriation procedures II.53, II.144
records II.84-II.91, II.99-II.102
United Nations Command Adjutant General Section II.90-II.91
United Nations Command (Advance) II.84-II.86
United Nations Command Committee for Repatriation of Prisoners of War II.86, II.144
United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission (UNCMAC) II.59, II.71, II.84,
II.88, II.90, II.141
United Nations Command personnel
Korean War MIAs
AFFE records II.106
change of status II.103, II.112, II.119
lists II.111-II.112, II.125
repatriate interrogations II.120
Korean War POWs
AFFE records II.106
Army history office II.123
case files II.6
deaths in captivity II.110, II.118
intelligence interrogations II.5, II.110, II.120
lists II.103, II.111-II.112, II.118, II.121, II.125
movements II.144
North Korean camps II.100
photographs V.19
post-armistice accounting II.90
repatriation II.117, II.157
film footage IV.11, IV.23
lists II.112
photographs V.8, V.10
war crimes victims I.8, II.35, II.51, II.121, II.122
United Nations Command Repatriation Group (UNCREG) II.84
Universal Newsreels IV.27c
Veterans Administration, Records of the (RG 15) III.2-III.11
Veterans' Disability Compensation and Survivors Benefits Act (1978) III.2
videotapes IV.2
Volkogonov, Dimitri II.9
voluntary nonrepatriates
Army records
Adjutant General II.149a, II.149b, II.149c, II.155
Chief of Staff II.51
intelligence II.59, II.66, II.118
JAG II.42
legal, administrative status II.67
Defense Department policies II.77a, II.77b, II.90
Defense Department sound recording IV.20
family visits II.90, II.149d
Far East Command lists II.141
letters to newspapers II.90
naval intelligence lists II.5
Red Cross aid II.159
return to U.S. control
Army contingency instructions II.94
diplomatic records II.28
photographs V.7
State Department central files II.16
total I.8
war crimes. See also collaboration
Army prosecutions I.8, II.34-II.38
Army reports II.51, II.59
case files I.15, II.37, II.122
charges against detained Americans
Communist I.9, II.128, II.141, IV.29
U.S. I.8
evidence from repatriate interrogations I.11
Air Force reports II.134
Army investigations I.11, II.34, II.35, II.38, II.103,
II.118, II.122
Navy case files II.6
film, sound recordings IV.7, IV.9
lists of POW victims II.118, II.121
photographs II.38, V.7, V.10, V.13, V.19
War Crimes Branch (Army Forces, Far East) II.122
War Crimes Branch (Army Judge Advocate General) II.35-II.39
War Crimes Division (Korean Communications Zone) II.36-II.38
welfare of POWs. See treatment of POWs
Wenchow, China II.3
working conditions in POW camps II.4, II.5
World War II POWs
Japanese repatriates II.28, II.77a, II.138
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH II.138, II.140
Wringer. See Project Wringer
Zama, Japan IV.6
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